1. Dissemination & access A convergence of two histories

2. History of computers (1)

3. History of computers (2) Charles Babbage & Lady Lovelace Vacuum tubes 1937 - 1959 Herman Hollerith & 1890 census 1800s…19301940195019601970 Transistors 1960 - 1965 Integrated circuits 1966 - 1973 Micros 1974-

4. Database timeline 19601970198019902000 Batch-mode computing 1964 Online 1972 Networks 1975 Write remote location w/ query – 2- week turn-around time interactive 1971 NASA Recon ► DIALOG required long-distance call packet-switched networks take hold

5. Database timeline 19601970198019902000 Batch-mode computing 1964 Online 1972 Networks 1975 End users 1983 CD-ROM 1985 LAN 1990 WWW 1992 No expert mediation needed ERIC locally-mounted; searched via OPAC ; Gopher

6. Print-based sources - advantages No equipment required Familiar; little training required Available any time Older information available Library owns the materials Psychological Abtracts Index Medicus

7. Print-based databases - disadvantages Space Searching tedious, time consuming Physical processing required Each volume separate (must repeat searches) Must photocopy references Patron must come to library to use

8. Online databases (e.g. DIALOG) - Advantages Up-to-date? Little space required Pay-for-use Multiple access points

9. Online databases (e.g. DIALOG) - Advantages (cont'd) Many databases per host Volumes cumulated May merge products Results can be printed/downloaded

10. Online databases (e.g. DIALOG) - disadvantages Mostly recent information Requires telephone or Internet connection Relies on network Relies on host

11. Online databases (e.g. DIALOG) - Disadvantages (cont'd) Pay-for-use hard to budget Requires training, practice Access speed could be slow S SOFTWARE(W)ENGINEERING/TI,DE $6.48Estimated cost File 149 $3.35Estimated cost File 73 $9.83Estimated cost this search

12. CD-ROM - advantages Fixed price Patrons like it - "free" Multiple access points Volumes cumulated Available any time library open Software for end users

13. CD-ROM - disadvantages Prices high May only lease Multiple disks May be one user per disk

14. CD-ROM - disadvantages Some training & support required Installation may not be easy because not standardized Limited number of products Not as up-to-date as online

15. Locally-mounted databases - advantages Widespread access Lease tape or download and load on local OPAC Cost-effective for high volume Consistent interface

16. Locally-mounted databases - disadvantages Unsophisticated search engine on local OPAC Not as up-to-date as online Must load updates locally

17. Web-based remote databases - advantages Up-to-date? Hardware: standard p.c. with network interface card Multiple access points May have multiple databases per host

18. Web-based remote databases - advantages Volumes cumulated Results printed or downloaded Multiple synchronous users Users familiar with interface

19. Web-based remote databases - disadvantages Prices high Do not own data Limited number of products compared to print Access dependent on Internet connectivity Greater bandwidth needed

20. Ideal situation One interface for all databases

21. Z39.50 One interface for many library catalogs

22. Library of Congress Z39.50 Gateway INNOPAC SirsiDynix Voyager

23. Library of Congress Z39.50 Gateway Brief record Gone with the wind TITLE

24. Library of Congress Z39.50 Gateway

27. Adelphi without Z39.50

28. Library of Congress Z39.50 Gateway Z39.50

29. Each OPAC software package conforms to set of standards Standards are presented in ANSI/NISO Z39.50-2003 Allows Z39.50 gateway to present query to database and database to respond following protocol both can understand Requests for bids should include Z39.50 compliance

30. Using citation and abstract indexes – the old way Psychological abstracts. BF1.P65 Psychological abstracts. BF1.P65 Psychological Abtracts Stress and Graduate School Cacaophilia, Candace. 2001. Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress. Stress and health 17(1):11-99. Stress and Graduate School Cacaophilia, Candace. 2001. Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress. Stress and health 17(1):11-99.

31. Using citation and abstract indexes – the old way Stress and health. R726.5.S8 Stress and health. R726.5.S8 Stress and Health Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that …

32. Using citation and abstract indexes – with first OPACs Psychological abstracts. BF1.P65 Psychological abstracts. BF1.P65 Psychological Abtracts Stress and Graduate School Cacaophilia, Candace. 2001. Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress. Stress and health 17(1):11-99. Stress and Graduate School Cacaophilia, Candace. 2001. Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress. Stress and health 17(1):11-99.

33. Using citation and abstract indexes – with first OPACs Stress and Health Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … Stress and health. R726.5.S8 Stress and health. R726.5.S8

34. Using electronic citation and abstract indexes Stress and Health Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … PsycINFO Use of chocolate by LIS Living with stress in school How graduate school drove me Stress and health R726.5.S8

35. Adding full text databases PsycINFO Use of chocolate by LIS … Living with stress in school How graduate school drove me Academic Search Premier Use of chocolate by LIS … Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … Use of chocolate by LIS graduate students to alleviate stress by Cacaophilia, Candace One hundred twenty-eight LIS graduate students surveyed reported that … EBSCOhost Citation and abstracts database Partial full-text database

36. Adding full text databases PsycINFO Use of chocolate by LIS … Living with stress in school How graduate school drove me Why can’t we click on citation and be taken to the full-text of the article paid for by the library? Citation and abstracts database Question:

37. How do we get from citation to full text? doi:10.1300/J104v29n01_02 ?

38. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Title: LCSH: semantics, syntax and specificity Author: Svenonius, E Source: Cataloging and Classification Quarterly; 29 (1/2) 2000, p.17-30 Title: LCSH: semantics, syntax and specificity Author: Svenonius, E Source: Cataloging and Classification Quarterly; 29 (1/2) 2000, p.17-30 DOI: 10.1300/J104v29n01_02 part of a system for identifying content objects in the digital environment

39. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Characteristics Unique IdentificationUnique Identification – Denotes one and only one entity PersistencePersistence – Denotes the same item indefinitely (never re-assigned) ResolutionResolution – DOI serves as input to a system that returns metadata about the object, including current location InteroperableInteroperable – Once assigned, DOI can be utilized in a variety of systems

40. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Title: LCSH: semantics, syntax and specificity Author: Svenonius, E Source: Cataloging and Classification Quarterly; 29 (1/2) 2000, p.17-30 Title: LCSH: semantics, syntax and specificity Author: Svenonius, E Source: Cataloging and Classification Quarterly; 29 (1/2) 2000, p.17-30 DOI: 10.1300/J104v29n01_02 Prefix: Publisher Suffix: Identifier for object

41. International DOI Foundation (IDF) http://www.doi.org/ Provides infrastructure and sets rules for the DOI system.

42. Resolving a DOI at http://www.doi.org/ 10.1300/j104v29n01_02

45. International DOI Foundation (IDF) Registration Agency Registration Agency Registration Agency Registration Agency

46. http://www.crossref.org

47. 10.1300/J104v29n01_02 10.1300/j104v29n01_02

49. Resolving a DOI at http://www.doi.org/

50. http://www.crossref.org Publisher prefix

51. http://www.crossref.org Publisher DOIs + metadata DOIs + metadata DOIs + metadata DOIs + metadata

52. DOI as part of URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J104v29n01_02

53. Appropriate copy problem User UH Libraries Web server Publisher Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Citation database ? ? ? ? EBSCO CSA

54. Appropriate copy problem User UH Libraries Web server Publisher Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Citation database Access denied

55. Appropriate copy problem User UH Libraries Web server Publisher Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Full-text aggregator Citation database Link Resolver

56. Appropriate copy problem Citation database Link Resolver UH Knowledge Base UH Libraries Web server User 1 2 3

57. Appropriate copy problem Citation database Link Resolver 1 OpenURL

58. Three possible parts: Address of the link resolver Identifier of resource where user clicks the OpenURL Metadata

59. OpenURL

60. OpenURL <http://VD2YN4ULBU.search.serialssolutions. com/ ?atitle=Cultural+Values+and+Happiness%3A ++An+East-West+Dialogue &volume=141 &issue=4 &date=2001 &spage=477 &aulast=Lu &aufirst=Luo &issn=0022-4545 &title=The+Journal+of+social+psychology> URL for the link server Article title Author’s last name

66. Link resolver