1. Knowledge Base Diagnostics Richard Fikes (Stanford KSL) Adam Pease (Teknowledge) Mala Mehrotra (Pragati Synergetic Research Inc.) Yolanda Gil (USC ISI) Deborah McGuinness (Stanford KSL) 10/18/01

2. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University2 Knowledge Evolution Tools  KB development requires knowledge evolution Debugging, refining, structuring, modularizing, …  Power tools are needed to support KB evolution  KB diagnosis >Bugs, omissions, heuristic warnings, architectural advice  KB partitioning >To enable effective reasoning >To produce reusable KB building blocks  KB merging >To enable interoperation of KBs with overlapping content  KSL is developing knowledge evolution tools

3. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University3Chimaera  A Knowledge Evolution Tool Environment  Tools for KB diagnosis and merging  Available as a Web service or an OKBC client  www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/chimaera  Usable from a Web browser  Online user manual, tutorial, and demonstration movie  Performs KB diagnostics in batch mode  Uploads and analyzes user’s KB  Accepts KBs in OKBC, KIF, MELD, RDF, DAML, …  Provides results as HTML pages linked to frames and axioms  Provides user selectable set of diagnostic tests  Analyzes both the structure and content of a KB  Uses reasoners to analyze content

4. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University4 Classification of Diagnostic Results  Errors  Logical inconsistencies E.g., contradictory type constraints  Content structure errors E.g., terms used but not defined  Anomalies  Missing information E.g., type constraints  Redundancies E.g., redundant superclass and type links  Extraneous structure or content E.g., terms defined but not used  Summaries E.g., counts of term references  Suggestions E.g., use consistent naming conventions

5. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University5 “Background” Reasoning Analysis  Reasoning diagnostics that may take substantial time  Performed in background  Results incrementally posted on Web page  Completion notification sent to user via e-mail  Example reasoning diagnostics  Redundant axioms that are inferred by the KB (anomaly)  Inconsistent axioms whose negations are inferred by the KB (error)  Determine which relations in KB are primitive and non-primitive (summary) >Show relations on which each non-primitive relation depend  Determine classes that are disjoint (suggest adding results to KB)  Derive subclass and instance links (suggest adding links to KB) I.e., classification and recognition  Suggest reordering of an implication’s antecedents based on number of inferable instances of each antecedent (suggestion)

6. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University6 Integration Into SHAKEN  Chimaera is a KB diagnostics tool in the SHAKEN system  Used to diagnose both pump priming and SME KBs  OKBC was used to do the integration  Chimaera is an OKBC client >Interacts with any OKBC server using the OKBC API >The Chimaera Web service uses Ontolingua as its OKBC server  SRI added an OKBC wrapper to the KM system >Enabled KM to be an OKBC server usable by OKBC clients >Enabled Chimaera’s diagnostics to run directly on KM KBs

7. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University7 Chimaera Useful To SRI Team “Overall, we found that Chimaera was quite useful. It found 2 concepts (Indole and Imidazole) that were corrupted, several occurrences of redundant superclasses, and several incorrect domain and range constraints (due to our poor representation of "Information"). … We're currently fixing the bugs it revealed. It would be helpful if we could run Chimera on the component library frequently.” – Bruce Porter

8. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University8 Next Steps: SME-Oriented Support  Provide interactive repair oriented follow-up to diagnostics  Identify KB content on which diagnosis result is based  Suggest repairs or repair strategies  Guide user through repair procedure  Examples  Class is a direct subclass of “THING” >Provide direct subclasses of THING as candidate superclasses >Step down through the class hierarchy  Class has redundant superclass links >Suggest removal of link(s) to most general classes  Type, cardinality, or bounds conflict >Suggest changing local conflicting constraint(s)  Missing information >Initiate acquisition dialogues for missing information

9. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University9 Next Steps: Architectural Analysis  Summarize architectural features of a KB  Percentage of >Relations that are functions >Axioms that are propositional, first order, higher order >Axioms that are not horn clauses  Distribution of >Axioms by type (using the HPKB, RKF types) >Axiom lengths by number of literals >Functions by number of arguments >Relations by number of arguments >Direct subclasses per class >Direct subproperties per property >Restrictions per object >Property values per object

10. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University10 Next Steps: Partitioning and Beyond  Integration of KB partitioning tools into Chimaera  Provide automatic KB partitioning to enhance usability  Automatic running of test cases E.g., queries and expected answers  Support regression testing of evolving KB  Provide result summaries from failed tests  Help with typographical errors  Spelling correction for undefined names E.g., classes, slots, relations, functions, constants  Spelling correction for anomalously occurring variables >Suggest is the same as another variable in the sentence

11. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University11Summary  KSL is developing Chimaera to support KB evolution  Chimaera was integrated into the SHAKEN Y1 system Using OKBC(!)  Incrementally adding diagnostics E.g., “background” diagnostics that use sophisticated reasoning  Next steps  KB partitioning tools  Repair dialogues for SMEs  KB architectural analysis  Regression testing

12. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University12 Role of Diagnostics in Systems  KE support  SME support  Increase productivity (“lightly trained”)  Step in managing KB development  Focus attention (e.g., redundant links)  Evaluation support  Diagnose KBs produced during evaluation  Batch mode  Foreground  Background  Changes in “patterns” in the KB between versions

13. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University13 Sharing Diagnostics Information  Diagnostic specifications  Logical specifications  English specifications  Test cases  Diagnostic classifications  Learnings  Tricks of the trade  Sharing facilitators:  Working group  Mailing list  Findings data  Author, group, or team specific  Repair strategies  Alignments during collaborative development

14. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University14 Developer Needs and Desires  Reasoner-specific diagnostics  Highly informative diagnostic results  Reporting architectural bias in a KB  Binary versus higher order relations  First order versus higher order axioms >Weakly versus strongly higher order  Disjunctions or conjunctions  Existential versus universal quantifiers  Frames to axioms ratios  Horn clauses  Axiom lengths  Functions  Confusion of existential and universal quantifiers  Type restrictions too general  Misspelling of variables

15. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University15 Developer Needs and Desires  Domain-specific tests  Semantic tests  Maintainability measures  Recognizing typographical errors  Spell check undefined or unused terms  Redefining (e.g., breaking up) a predicate  Large scale modification techniques  Prioritizing diagnostics

16. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University16 Integration Issues  Architecture  Use hosted services (like KSL)  Integrate special code  Take specifications from library  API  Interaction Mode - Batch versus Interactive/Repair  Translation issues  One major use of diagnostics is also in testing translators  Certain translations need to be done to do better analysis  Output integration

17. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University17Evaluation  Record types and numbers of errors  Comparing KBs produced by SMEs versus KEs  Record use of repair strategies  Evaluate during testing  Feedback from SMEs about diagnostics

18. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University18 Classification of Diagnostic Results  Errors  Logical inconsistencies  Content structure errors  (See Randy Davis thesis)  Anomalies  Missing information >Missing portions of descriptions  Redundancies  Extraneous structure or content  Summaries  Architectural biases  Suggestions  Stylistic suggestions  Static versus operational tests  Use of expertise about KR paradigms

19. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University19 Diagnostic Issues/Goals  Role of Diagnostics in Systems  KE support, SME support  Evaluators of KBs  How to Share Diagnostics  Working Group?  Logical specification, English descriptions, tests, …  Know the Main Contributors  Possible Diagnostics  What do users want?  What can tool builders provide?  Integration Issues  Developer Needs/Desires  Evaluation

20. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University20 The Role of KB Diagnostics  KE support  SME support  Increase productivity (“lightly trained”)  Mgmt of kb  Inference dependent quality improvement  Focus attention (ex. Redundant links)  Evaluation support  Abstract patterns – average fanout of specialization, statistics of number of uses of a predicate – big picture view  Version comparison  Regression testing

21. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University21 Diagnostic Sharing  Diagnostic specifications  Logical specifications  English specifications  Test cases  Diagnostic classifications  Taxonomy of errors – bottlenecks,  Quantification  Alignments across systems – inconsistencies among smes  Repair strategies  How informative a system is (core dump vs. useful explanation)  Learnings  Tricks of the trade  Sharing Facilitators:  Working Group  Mailing list

22. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University22 Sharing facilities  Working group  Mailing list  Posting of papers  Utilize Teknowledge

23. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University23biases  Binary vs. higher arity  First order vs higher order  Weakly vs strongly higher order  Universal over existential  Disjunction vs. conjunction  Frame-ism  Horn clauses  Lisp style  Relations -> functions  Depth vs. breadth in hierarchy  …. Maybe report in summarizations..  At least document biases

24. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University24Organizations/People  Cycorp – many special purpose - Kahlert  ISI – Why Not? – Chalupsky – KANAL – Gil - expect - Gil  Pragati – Clustering - Mehrotra  Stanford FRG/KSL – Partitioning – McCarthy, Amir, McIlraith  Stanford KSL – Chimaera - Fikes, McGuinness

25. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University25Diagnostics  Errors – provable logical inconsistencies  Anomalies – redundancies, cycles,…  Summaries – word counts, …  Suggestions – naming conventions  Incompletenesses – explicit salient assertions or statistics  Stylistics - length of rule, … bad factoring, Randy davis – errors – incompleteness, inconsistent  Get this - Top ten list of things people do wrong in cyc - goolsbey Perspectives/units: Frame-like content vs. axioms vs. problem solving technology vs. learning to correct components

26. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University26style  Static  Reasoner  Simulation / execution  Using examples  Summarization/improvements/critiquer

27. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University27 Integration Issues  Architecuture  Use hosted services (like KSL)  Integrate special code  Take specifications from library  API  Interaction Mode – Batch vs. Interactive/Repair  Translation issues  one major use of diagnostics is also in testing translators  Certain translations need to be done to do better analysis  Background ontologies – meld starter ontology  Output integration

28. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University28 Developer Needs/Desires Missing existentials Too high a type specification Variable name mismatch Semantic requests: Wrong semantic paradigm? Typos Spell check Large scale modification tools and their integration example removal/ fixing top level priotizing Diagnostics to minimize cost, ease maintenance

29. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University29Evaluation  Record types of errors  Fine granularity  Kb differences across sme vs. ke developed ontologies across team  Record use of repair strategies…  Evaluate during testing…  Feedback from smes on features, usefulness, etc.  Attempt to keep extremely complete audit trails for future analysis  Important to be careful with diagnostic reporting

30. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University30 Action Items  Working Group  Diagnostics repository  Web site  Follow up briefing  Mailing list

31. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University31Chimaera  A Knowledge Evolution Environment  Tools for KB diagnosis and merging  Available as a Web service  www-ksl-svc.stanford.edu www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/chimaera  Usable from a Web browser  Online user manual, tutorial, and demonstration movie  Provides user selectable set of diagnostic tests  Performs kb diagnostics in batch mode  Uploads and analyzes user’s KB  Accepts KBs in MELD, KIF, OKBC, DAML, RDF, XML, …  Provides results as HTML pages linked to frames and axioms  Analyzes both the structure and content of a KB  Uses hybrid reasoners to analyze content  Currently runs 28 diagnostic tests

32. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University32Collection/Specification  Logical Specification of diagnostic  English Specification  Example kb that triggers diagnostic output

33. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University33 Classification of Diagnostic Results II  Axiom Analysis  Axiom Syntax Problems E.g., no consequent to a implications  Axiom Redundancy E.g., 1. A =>B 2. A=>C 3. C =>B means 1 is redundant  Axiom Variable Usage E.g., Variable used in antecedent but not in consequent  Axiom Consistency E.g., A => not A  Axiom Tautology E.g., consequent repeats (portion of) antecedent