1. Electromagnetic spectrum Mini-book – Due 17 th September One type of EM wave for each page Each page should contain the wavelength Each page should contain uses and other interesting information (including dangers) Attractive to look at (and funny?)-

2. Last year June 2012 describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons and use symbols to describe particular nuclei Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment understand the terms atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and isotope

3. Radioactivity

4. The atom orbiting electrons Nucleus (protons and neutrons)

5. Nuclide notation Li 3 7 Atomic number (proton number) = number of protons Atomic mass (mass number) = number of protons and neutrons

6. Isotopes Li 3 7 It is possible for the nuclei of the same element to have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus (but it must have the same number of protons) Li 3 6

7. Isotopes Li 3 7 For example, Lithium atoms occur in two forms, Lithium-6 and Lithium-7 Li 3 6 4 neutrons 3 neutrons

8. Relative atomic mass On average, lithium atoms have a mass of 6.941 (relative to Carbon 12) Li 3 6.941

9. Let’s try some questions. Do Now! 1.Date & Title – Properties of Radiation 2. Do exam question 11 and stick in your book

11. Unstable nuclei Some nuclei are unstable, for example Uranium 235 Hi! I’m uranium-235 and I’m unstable. I really need to lose some particles from my nucleus to become more stable.

12. Unstable nuclei To become stable, an unstable nuclei emits a particle Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

13. Unstable nuclei We say the atom has decayed Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

14. Unstable nuclei The decay of an unstable nucleus is random. We know it’s going to happen, but we can’t say when! It cannot be affected by temperature/pressure etc. Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

15. Today’s lesson 7.4 understand that alpha and beta particles and gamma rays are ionising radiations emitted from unstable nuclei in a random process 7.5 describe the nature of alpha and beta particles and gamma rays and recall that they may be distinguished in terms of penetrating power 7.6 Begin to describe the effects on the atomic and mass numbers of a nucleus of the emission of each of the three main types of radiation

16. 3 types of particle There are 3 (at least in IGCSE!) types of particles that can be ejected from an unstable nuclei. Please fill in the table with the information in the Powerpoint You’ll learn about some really weird ones in year 12!

17. Ionisation – Please copy Ionisation occurs when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons. When an atom loses electrons it becomes a positive ion. When an atom gains electrons it becomes a negative ion. Lithium atom (uncharged) Lithium ion (positively charged)

18. Alpha particles α

19. 2 protons and 2 neutrons joined together The same as the nucleus of a helium atom Stopped by paper or a few cm of air Highly ionising Deflected by electric and strong magnetic fields He 2 4 2+

20. Alpha Decay U 92 235 Th 90 231 + α Atomic number goes down by 2 Atomic mass goes down by 4

21. Beta particles β

22. Fast moving electrons from the nucleus Stopped by about 3 mm of aluminium Weakly ionising Deflected by electric and magnetic fields e 0

23. Beta decay In the nucleus a neutron changes into an electron (the beta particle which is ejected) and a proton (which stays in the nucleus) During beta decay the mass number stays the same but the proton number goes up by 1. e 0 Th 90 231 Pa 9191 231 +

24. Gamma rays

25. High frequency electromagnetic radiation several cm of lead or thick concrete will reduce the intensity. Very weakly ionising NOT affected by electric or magnetic fields

26. Gamma rays Associated with alpha decay U 92 235 Th 90 231 + α

27. Deflection by electric fields Alpha and beta particles are deflected in opposite directions due to their opposite charges. Due to their much larger mass alpha particles are deflected far less than beta. Gamma rays are not deflected because they are not charged. Electric field produced by positively and negatively charged plates +++ ---

28. S Deflection by magnetic fields Alpha and beta particles are deflected in opposite directions due to their opposite charges. Due to their much larger mass alpha particles are deflected far less than beta. Gamma rays are not deflected because they are not charged. Magnetic south pole placed behind the rays

29. Stick your table in your books please complete information about speed and mass from the text book

30. The penetrating power of alpha, beta and gamma radiation – Please copy Paper or a few cm of air stops alpha particles 1cm or 1m of air of aluminium stops beta particles Several cm of lead or 1m of concrete reduces the intensity of gamma rays

31. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation An alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons. It is strongly ionising. A beta particle is a high speed electron. It is produced when a neutron has decays into an electron and proton. It is moderately ionising. Gamma rays are very high frequency electromagnetic waves. They are produced when an unstable nucleus loses energy.. They are weakly ionising.

32. Let’s try some questions. Do L15.1 ionizing radiation and question 2 page 253

33. Rayneritis!