1. Environmental Conditions
Chapter 17

2. Heat Related Illnesses
Thermoregulation
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis
Increased metabolic rate
Increased heart rate
Increased cardiac output
Hyperthermia: Internal heat produced exceeds external heat loss.

3. Heat Related Illnesses
Radiation
Loss of heat from warmer to cooler
Conduction
Direct transfer of heat
Convection
How fast air next to body is exchanged
Evaporation
Sweat evaporates into the atmosphere

4. Heat Related Illnesses
Factors that affect heat tolerance
Acclimatization
7-10 days of exposure
Hydration
Drink before you’re thirsty
Electrolyte Replacement
Sodium, chloride, magnesium, and potassium
Clothing
Light colored, light-weight, porous
Age
Younger people are more limited
Sex
Females vs. males
Diuretics
Creatine
Practice Times
Mornings and evenings
Weight Charts

5. Heat Related Illnesses
Heat Cramps
Involuntary muscle spasms due to excessive water and electrolyte loss
Commonly occur in calf and abdominal muscles
Passive stretching of the muscles involved
Ice massage over areas involved
Cool fluids with electrolytes

6. Heat Related Illnesses
Heat Exhaustion
Thirst, headache, dizziness, mild anxiety, fatigue, weak and rapid pulse, and low blood pressure
Move person to cool area
Remove unnecessary clothing and equipment
Rapidly cool the body
Lots of cool fluids with electrolytes
Intravenous fluids may be necessary

7. Heat Related Illnesses
Heat Stroke
Thermoregulatory system is overloaded, cooling mechanisms fail to dissipate heat, hypothalamus shuts down sweating
Burning up, confused, disoriented, agitated, profuse sweating (then no sweating), unsteady gait
Shallow breathing, decreased BP, rapid weak pulse, seizures then coma
Immediately activate EMS, treat same as heat exhaustion

8. Heat Related Illnesses
Heat Syncope
Stand up too fast after blood pools
Replace fluids lost
Miliaria Rubra
Itchy skin that leads to sweat glands being blocked
Cool bath, apply calamine lotion
Miliaria Profunda
Sweat glands no longer produce sweat

9. Cold Related Illnesses
Hypothermia
Reduced body temperature
Cutaneous vasoconstriction
Shivering increases metabolic rate
Hormone thyroxine is released increasing metabolic rate
Try to reduce heat loss through respiration, radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

10. Cold Related Illnesses
Raynaud’s Syndrome
Bilateral spasm of blood vessels causing hands to become cold, pale, and numb
Cold-Induced Bronchospasm
Asthma like symptoms caused by cold
Frostbite Injuries
Freezing of soft tissue
Immerse area in warm water

11. Cold Related Illnesses
Hypothermia
Dangerous to athletes exposed to cold for long periods of time
Numbness sets in, shivering prevents normal functions
If shivering ceases body shunts blood to protect life
Death is imminent if no intervention takes place

12. Altitude Illnesses Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Hypoxia occurring with fast ascent over 8200 feet
Headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, insomnia, dyspnea, decreased urination, and tachycardia
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
AMS at altitudes over 9000ft

13. Altitude Illnesses High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
Usually occurs over 10,000 feet
Acclimatization usually takes days and should be performed prior to exertion at elevations

14. Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Ozone
Primary Particulates

15. Thunderstorms
Burns, electrical mechanical forces, blunt trauma from splintering
Cardiac Asystole
Apnea
Count “flash to bang” divide by 5= approximate distance in miles
Within 6 miles you should end all outdoor activities and get under cover