1. Impact of Open Access on developing country science- The problem The Problems Problem 1 : Impossibly high cost of journals WHO reports that 56% medical institutions in 75 countries with a GNP <1000 US$ have had NO subscriptions to journals over the last 5 years; a further 34% of 47 countries with GNP 1000- 3000 US$ have an average of 2 subscriptions only

2. Impact of Open Access on developing country science Problem 2 : Publishing locally generated research Cost of publishing own journals can be prohibitive Publishing in mainstream journals has difficulties The missing science

3. Impact of Open Access on developing country science The Knowledge Gaps N > S S > N S > S

4. Impact of Open Access on developing country science Consequences of problems are: Great numbers of scientists in the world are unable to access the research results they need Many scientists are unable to publish their own research Scientists become professionally isolated; national science base adversely affected

5. Impact of Open Access on developing country science THE MISSING / INVISIBLE SCIENCE We think we know it all …….. But we only have part of the story - particularly in areas where a global picture is essential (medical science, infectious diseases, emerging new diseases, environmental sciences, biodiversity, taxonomy….); think chicken flu….

6. Impact of Open Access on developing country science Is there a solution to the problem? Can OA be the magic wand that converts the invisible to the visible? A. Open Access can provide a low cost, immediate solution through the institutional archive route Institutional archives already being set up, OA meetings planned for 2004 in Brazil, China, India B. Converting existing journals from Toll Access to Open Access helps too Already some 27 developing country journals from 14 countries converted to OA and now available from Bioline International eprints server on bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca We realise that visibility is crucial for developing our national science base

7. Impact of Open Access on developing country science How does this affect UK science? - The knowledge gap from S to N will begin to close and invisible science will become visible to the benefit of us all (try a search for gene in Bioline International eprints server bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca) - International research programmes designed on the basis of more complete knowledge - Partnerships with scientists in the developing world will be made - As the world becomes more interdependent, strengthening the science base in any country is important for the progress of science and global prosperity

8. Search on Bioline eprints server (bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca) Title/Abstract/Keywords matches all of "bacterial". Jain, Ashok K. and Basha, Sheikh M. (2003) A capillary electrophoretic method for isolation and characterization of grape xylem proteins. African Journal of Biotechnology, Nigeria 2(3):66-70. Babalola, Olubukola O. and Osir, Ellie O. and Sanni, Abiodun I. and Odhiambo, George D. and Bulimo, Wallace D. (2003) Amplification of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1- carboxylic (ACC) deaminase from plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in Striga- infested soil. African Journal of Biotechnology, Nigeria 2(6):157-160. Guacucano, Maritza and Levican, Gloria and Holmes, David S. and Jedlicki, Eugenia (2000) An RT-PCR artifact in the characterization of bacterial operons. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, Chile 3(3). Tapper, R.C. and Smith, J.R. and Cocking, C. and Beech, I.B. (1998) Atomic force microscopy study of the biocidal effect of super-oxidised water, Sterilox. Biofilm Journal, Chile 3(1). Gijwani, D. and Kumhar, M.R. and Singh, V.B. and Chadda, V.S. and Soni, P.K. and Nayak, K.C. and Gupta, B.K. (2002) Dexamethasone Therapy for Bacterial Meningitis in Adults : A Double Blind Placebo Control Study. Neurology India 50(1):63-67. …… and 27 others

10. Impact of Open Access on developing country science Electronic Publishing Trust for Development www.epublishingtrust.org Bioline International Main web site with free of charge journals and associated services www.bioline.org.br OR Bioline eprints server with same journals OA compatible bioline.utsc.utoronto.ca Indian Institute of Science eprints server www.iisc.ernet.in