1. Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

2. Two or more materials together form a mixture if they do not react to form a compound.
Cheese and tomato sauce do not react when they are used to make a pizza

3. Substances in a mixture retain their identity
Because no chemical change occurs, each substance in a mixture has the same chemical makeup it had before the mixture formed.
Each substance in a mixture keeps its identity

4. Mixtures can be physically separated
Since the identities of the substances in a mixture do not change, they can be physically separated.
Remember, compounds can be broken down only through chemical changes.

5. Common techniques for separating mixtures
Distillation
Magnets
Centrifuge
Filtering

6. Distillation
Distillation is a process that separates a mixture based on the boiling points of the components
Examples of distillation are:
Pure water being distilled from a saltwater mixture
Separate crude oil into gasoline and kerosene

7. Oil Refineries use distillation to separate gasoline and natural gas from crude oil

8. Magnetism
A magnet can be used to separate a mixture of substances in which the magnet will attract.
A mixture of aluminum and iron can be separated with a magnet. Iron is attracted to the magnet, but aluminum is not.

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Centrifuge
This machine separates mixtures according to the densities of the components

10. Did you know??
Density is used to separate a mixture of ripe and unripe cranberries. Ripe cranberries float in water, but unripe cranberries sink. During harvesting, cranberry bogs are flooded, and the floating cranberries are skimmed from the water.

11. Filtration
If a mixture contains two substances and one of those substances is soluble, then dissolve the soluble substance, pour it into a filter and trap the un-soluble substance in the filter.

12. Air Filters
Filters are used in many different ways. Some separate liquids, some separate solids suspended in air.

13. Components of a mixture do not have a definite ratio
The components of a mixture do not need to be combined in a definite ratio.
Air is a mixture composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, and water vapor. Some days the air has more water vapor, or is more humid, than on other days.

14. Mixtures vs Compounds Mixtures Compounds
Components are elements, compounds, or both
Components are elements
Components keep their original properties
Components lose their original properties
Separated by physical means
Separated by chemical means
Formed using any ratio of components
Formed using a set ratio of components

15. IS THAT A FACT !!
The Liberty Bell is a mixture of 70 % copper, 25 % tin, and small amounts of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold, and silver.

16. Solutions
A solution is a mixture that appears to be a single substance but is composed of particles of two or more substances that are distributed evenly amongst each other

17. Solutions are often described as homogeneous mixtures because they have the same appearance and properties throughout the mixture.
The process in which particles of substances separate and spread evenly throughout a mixture is known as dissolving.

18. In solutions, the solute is the substance that is dissolved, and the solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
A solute is soluble, or able to dissolve, in the solvent
A substance that is insoluble, or unable to dissolve, forms a mixture but it is not a solution.

19. What did the compound say to the solution?
Science Humor
What did the compound say to the solution?
You’re all mixed up!!

20. Salt Water Salt water is a solution
Salt is soluble in water, meaning that salt dissolves in water
Salt is the solute and water is the solvent
When two liquids or two gases form a solution, the substance with the greater volume is the solvent.

21. Brain Food
Many substances are soluble in water, including salt, sugar, alcohol, and oxygen.
Water does not dissolve everything, but it dissolves so many different solutes that it is often called the ….universal solvent.

22. Tap water, soft drinks, gasoline, and many cleaning supplies are liquid solutions.
However, solutions may also be gases, such as air
Some solutions are solids, such as steel

23. Alloys
Alloys are solid solutions of metals or nonmetals dissolved in metals.
Brass is an alloy of the metal zinc dissolved in copper
Steel is an alloy made of the nonmetal carbon and other elements dissolved in iron

24. Examples of Different States in Solutions
Gas in gas
Dry air (oxygen in nitrogen)
Gas in liquid
Soft drinks (carbon dioxide in water)
Liquid in liquid
Antifreeze (alcohol in water)
Solid in liquid
Salt water (salt in water)
Solid in solid
Brass (zinc in copper)

25. Particles in solutions are extremely small
The particles in solutions are so small that they never settle out, nor can they be filtered out of these mixtures.

26. Concentrated or Dilute???
A measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent is concentration
If two solutions have the same amount of solvent, then the solution which contains less solute is dilute, while the solution which contains more solute is concentrated.

27. Is the solution saturated????
A solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature is said to be saturated.
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than it can hold at a given temperature.
More solute can dissolve in an unsaturated solution.

28. How much solute can dissolve?
Solubility
How much solute can dissolve?
The solubility of a solute is the amount of solute needed to make a saturated solution using a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature

29. For example, if you add too much sugar to a glass of lemonade, not all of the sugar can dissolve.
Some of the sugar collects on the bottom of the glass
To determine the maximum amount of sugar that can dissolve, you would need to know the solubility of sugar.

30. Solubility of Different Substances
The solubility of most solids, increases as the temperature gets higher. Thus, more solute can dissolve at higher temperatures. However, some solids, such as Cerium Sulfate, are less soluble at higher temperatures.

31. Unlike the solubility of most solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids decreases as the temperature is raised
Did you know……..
Because less gas dissolves in a liquid if the temperature is raised, fish can suffocate when aquarium water becomes too warm—there may not be enough oxygen dissolved in the water.

32. What affects how quickly solids dissolve in liquids?
Several factors affect how fast the solid will dissolve
Three methods used to make a solute dissolve faster are:
Mixing
Heating
Crushing

33. Mixing
Mixing by stirring or shaking causes the solute particles to separate from one another and spread out more quickly among the solvent particles

34. Heating
Heating causes particles to move more quickly. The solvent particles can separate the solute particles and spread them out more quickly.

35. Crushing
Crushing the solute increases the amount of contact between the solute and the solvent. The particles of solute mix with the solvent more quickly.

36. Suspensions
A suspension is a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but are large enough that they settle out.
When you stop shaking a snow globe, the snow particles settle to the bottom of the globe.

37. Italian salad dressing is an example of a suspension
The particles in a suspension are insoluble, so they do not dissolve in the liquid or gas.
Suspensions are often described as heterogeneous mixtures because the different components are easily seen.
Italian salad dressing is an example of a suspension

38. The particles in a suspension are fairly large, and they scatter or block light, this makes a suspension difficult to see through.
The particles are too heavy to remain mixed without being stirred or shaken
If a suspension is allowed to sit undisturbed, the particles will settle out.

39. Blood Blood is a suspension.
The suspended particles, mainly red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are actually suspended in a solution called plasma.
Plasma is 90% water and 10% dissolved solutes, including sugar, vitamins, and proteins.

40. Dirty Air Dirty air is a suspension that could damage a car’s engine.
The air filter in a car separates dust from air to keep the dust from getting into the engine.

41. Shake Well Before Use
Many medicines, such as remedies for upset stomach, are suspensions. The directions on the label instruct you to shake the bottle well before use.
Why must you shake the bottle?
What problem could arise if you don’t?

42. Colloids
A colloid is a mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out.
The particles in a colloid are relatively small and are fairly well mixed.

43. Examples of Colloids
Milk, mayonnaise, stick deodorant—even the gelatin and whipped cream are colloids.
The materials that compose these products do not separate between uses because their particles do not settle out.

44. Although the particles in a colloid are much smaller than the particles in a suspension, they are still large enough to scatter a beam of light shined through the colloid.
Unlike suspension, a colloid cannot be separated by filtration The particles are small enough to pass through a filter.