1. Welcome to the Practicing Permanency Course Advanced Practice Certificate in Foster Care and Adoption Competency Course

2. Session One: Child Welfare History Respectful Language for Families Language of Permanency

3. Session One: Overview of the US Child Welfare System, Respectful Language with Families and the Language of Permanency Child welfare involves a dynamic array of systems: governmental, institutional, and legal. This session addresses the impact those systems have on children and youth from the initial foster care placement through reunification or adoption. Topics reviewed will be the continuum of child welfare services from Child Protective Services (CPS), to Family Support/Preservation, the out of home care foster care system, reunification, guardianship, adoption, and APPLA. Respectful language for working with families and the language of permanency will also be explored.

4. Session One Competencies Knows and understands the importance of permanency for children, youth, and families affected by the child welfare system. Knows and understands that foster care/adoption is a lifelong process that includes universal experiences as well as unique individual feelings and perceptions. Knows and understands the therapeutic importance of all parenting relationships and family connections for the child – birth/kin/foster/adoptive. Knows how to address developmental challenges that are common to foster care/adoption.

5. Session One Learning Objectives Explain the seminal events in child welfare history. Explain theoretical frameworks and develop knowledge of evidence- informed therapeutic approaches of permanency. Describe the practice; legal and ethical issues that impact permanency. Can explain the five pathways to permanency. Can demonstrate using empathy, genuineness and respect, to engage families.

6. Session One: Child Welfare History Respectful Language for Families Language of Permanency

7. Tensions Throughout Child Welfare History These tensions include: These tensions include: parents’ rights vs children’s needs parents’ rights vs children’s needs saving children/youth vs supporting families saving children/youth vs supporting families federal vs state vs local responsibility federal vs state vs local responsibility public vs private financing public vs private financing

8. Child Welfare History All of these issues appear and reappear in the major historical documents on the American child welfare system. All of these issues appear and reappear in the major historical documents on the American child welfare system. The one theme that never disappears is the search for a panacea, a solution to the problems of children and youth whose parents are unable to provide adequate care. The one theme that never disappears is the search for a panacea, a solution to the problems of children and youth whose parents are unable to provide adequate care.

9. Child Welfare History 17 th & 18 th Centuries First American laws were based on the English Poor Laws of King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. First American laws were based on the English Poor Laws of King Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The family was the basic economic unit, and all members were expected to contribute to the work of the household. The family was the basic economic unit, and all members were expected to contribute to the work of the household.

10. Child Welfare History The concept of childhood, was unknown except for very young children. The concept of childhood, was unknown except for very young children. High birthrate, approximately but two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. High birthrate, approximately but two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. Those who lived past this age were expected to start contributing labor as soon as possible by helping with household and farming chores, caring for younger siblings, and so forth. Those who lived past this age were expected to start contributing labor as soon as possible by helping with household and farming chores, caring for younger siblings, and so forth.

11. Child Welfare History Although there was no child welfare system as such in those early days, two groups of children were presumed to require attention from the public authorities: Orphans – deserving poor Orphans – deserving poor children of paupers – non-deserving poor children of paupers – non-deserving poor

12. Child Welfare History Orphans though no fault of their own needed care and families. Orphans though no fault of their own needed care and families. Pauper children needed societal help because if society didn’t help them, they would be like their parents. Best serve the interests of the community, not the individual child. Pauper children needed societal help because if society didn’t help them, they would be like their parents. Best serve the interests of the community, not the individual child.

13. Child Welfare History A few private institutions for orphans were also established during this early colonial period. The first such orphanage in the United States was the Ursuline Convent, founded in New Orleans in 1727 under the auspices of Louis XV of France.

14. Child Welfare History Meager arrangements made on a reluctant, begrudging basis to guarantee a minimal level of subsistence. Meager arrangements made on a reluctant, begrudging basis to guarantee a minimal level of subsistence. Children were taught the values of industriousness and hard work and received a strict religious upbringing. Children were taught the values of industriousness and hard work and received a strict religious upbringing. Provisions were made at the lowest cost possible for the local community, in part because of the widespread concern that indolence and depravity not be rewarded. Provisions were made at the lowest cost possible for the local community, in part because of the widespread concern that indolence and depravity not be rewarded.

15. Nineteenth Century Massive social changes occurred in the United States during the nineteenth century. Massive social changes occurred in the United States during the nineteenth century. Abolition of slavery during this time Abolition of slavery during this time Industrialization after Civil War Industrialization after Civil War Large groups of immigrants – Irish, Italian, German – Catholic, Jewish, Protestant children Large groups of immigrants – Irish, Italian, German – Catholic, Jewish, Protestant children Rise of Orphanages Rise of Orphanages

16. Care of African American Children Black dependent children were explicitly excluded from most of the private orphanages established prior to the Civil War. Black dependent children were explicitly excluded from most of the private orphanages established prior to the Civil War. Several separate facilities for black children were founded during this period, the first of which was the Philadelphia Association for the Care of Colored Children established by the Society of Friends in 1822. Several separate facilities for black children were founded during this period, the first of which was the Philadelphia Association for the Care of Colored Children established by the Society of Friends in 1822. The shelter in Philadelphia was burned by a white mob in 1838 and the Colored Orphan Asylum in New York was set on fire during the Draft Riot of 1863. The shelter in Philadelphia was burned by a white mob in 1838 and the Colored Orphan Asylum in New York was set on fire during the Draft Riot of 1863.

17. The Beginnings of Foster Care In 1853 Charles Loring Brace founded the Children’s Aid Society in New York. In 1853 Charles Loring Brace founded the Children’s Aid Society in New York. Brace was strongly committed to the idea that the best way to save poor children from the evils of urban life was to place them in Christian homes in the country, where they would receive a solid moral training and learn good work habits. Brace was strongly committed to the idea that the best way to save poor children from the evils of urban life was to place them in Christian homes in the country, where they would receive a solid moral training and learn good work habits.

18. Orphan Trains Between 1854 and 1929 100,000-200,000 children were placed in new families via the Orphan Trains. Between 1854 and 1929 100,000-200,000 children were placed in new families via the Orphan Trains. http://www.orphantraindepot.com Children were taken in small groups of 10 to 40, under the supervision of at least one adult, and traveled on trains to selected stops along the way, where they were taken by families in that area. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/orphan/teachers.html

19. The Beginnings of Foster Care Children’s Home Society movement. These societies were statewide child-placing agencies under Protestant auspices, also designed to provide free foster homes for dependent children. The first such society was established in Illinois in 1883. By 1916 there were thirty-six Children’s Home Societies located primarily in Midwestern and southern states.

20. The Expansion of Services Voluntary organizations founded during this period recognized that families had an obligation to provide for their children’s basic needs. If they did not, it was argued, society had the right and obligation to intervene. Thus, the concept of minimal social standards for child rearing was introduced.

21. Child Protection Services 1874 founding of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 1874 founding of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children By 1900 there were more than 250 such agencies the New York society By 1900 there were more than 250 such agencies the New York society

22. The Case of Mary Ellen Wilson A friendly visitor, named Etta Wheeler from the child’s neighborhood was horrified by the abusive treatment the child had received from her caretaker and sought help from several child welfare institutions to no avail. Finally she turned to Henry Bergh, president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, who promptly brought the case to court, requesting that the child be removed from her caretaker immediately.

23. Photo of Mary Ellen Wilson

24. The Expansion of Services Friendly Visitors Friendly Visitors Minister to the poor on a case-by-case basis Minister to the poor on a case-by-case basis Recognition of the social roots of poverty Recognition of the social roots of poverty Settlement houses movement – Jane Addams Settlement houses movement – Jane Addams

25. 20 th Century Time Line 1909 – First White House Conference on Children 1909 – First White House Conference on Children 1912 – Creation of US Children’s Bureau 1912 – Creation of US Children’s Bureau 1935 - Social Security Act, Title IV, ADC; and Title V, Child Welfare Services Program 1935 - Social Security Act, Title IV, ADC; and Title V, Child Welfare Services Program 1961 – Social Security Amendment, AFDC – Foster Care 1961 – Social Security Amendment, AFDC – Foster Care 1964-1967 – War on Poverty 1964-1967 – War on Poverty

26. 20 th Century Time Line 1974 – Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, P.L. 93-247 (Amended in 1978, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2003) 1974 – Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, P.L. 93-247 (Amended in 1978, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2003) 1978 – Indian Child Welfare Act 1978 – Indian Child Welfare Act 1980 – Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, P.L. 96-272 (Title IVE) 1980 – Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, P.L. 96-272 (Title IVE) 1993 - Family Preservation and Support Services Program 1993 - Family Preservation and Support Services Program

27. 20 th to 21 st Century Time Line 1994 – Multiethnic Placement Act 1994 – Multiethnic Placement Act 1997 – Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), P.L. 105- 89 1997 – Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA), P.L. 105- 89 1999 – Chaffee Foster Care Independence Act 1999 – Chaffee Foster Care Independence Act 2008 – Fostering Connections 2008 – Fostering Connections 2014 –Prevent Sex Trafficking & Strengthening Families 2014 –Prevent Sex Trafficking & Strengthening FamiliesAct

28. 21 st Century Themes Safety Safety Permanency Goal Setting Permanency Goal Setting Well-Being Well-Being CFSR Reviews in States CFSR Reviews in States Foster Parents Adopting Children Foster Parents Adopting Children Adoption Incentives Adoption Incentives Adoption Openness Adoption Openness Youth Permanency Youth Permanency Cultural Competency Cultural Competency Family Based Services/Family Connections Family Based Services/Family Connections Community Based Services Community Based Services Array of Child Welfare Services In Home and Out of Home Array of Child Welfare Services In Home and Out of Home

29. In Home Services Services designed to ensure that children and youth remain safe in their home and prevent them from entering the foster care system: Services to preserve families Services designed to ensure that children and youth remain safe in their home and prevent them from entering the foster care system: Services to preserve families Family Support/Preservation Services: counseling, parent skills training, substance abuse treatment, recreational services, linkages to community-based resources Family Support/Preservation Services: counseling, parent skills training, substance abuse treatment, recreational services, linkages to community-based resources

30. Out-of-Home Services Kinship Foster Care: informal and formal Kinship Foster Care: informal and formal Family Foster Boarding Homes Family Foster Boarding Homes Therapeutic Foster Boarding Homes Therapeutic Foster Boarding Homes Agency Operated Boarding Homes (SILP) Agency Operated Boarding Homes (SILP) Group Homes Group Homes DRC/RTC (campus programs) DRC/RTC (campus programs) RTF RTF

31. Louisiana Specific Data Foster Care # Children Served in Foster Care in CY 2014= 8,088 # Children Re-unified With Family in CY 2014= 2,158 # Children Adopted through DCFS in CY 2014= 580 # Children in Family Foster Care on 12/31/2014= 2,079 # Children in Kinship Care* on 12/31/2014= 1,689 * (Includes Fictive Kin)

32. Louisiana Specific Data Child Abuse and Neglect # of Abuse & Neglect Investigations in CY 2014= 23,678 # of Valid Investigations= 7,475 # of Investigations still Pending= 2,221 # of Accepted Reports Referred for AA= 2,358 Unduplicated Count of Alleged Victims= 31,321 Unduplicated Count of Valid Victims= 11,339

33. Louisiana Foster Youth By Race/Ethnicity White 2,297 (53%) African American1,817 (42%) Two or More Races 113 (3%) Latino 61 (3%) American Indian 8 (<1%) Asian 6 (<1%) Hawaiian/Pac Islander 4 (<1%) As of 12/31/2014

34. Respectful Language for Families Respectful Language for Families

35. Respectful Language How do we talk other people’s culture and traditions? How do we talk other people’s culture and traditions? What does it mean to be culturally responsive? What does it mean to be culturally responsive? How do we talk about people in poverty? How do we talk about people in poverty? How do we talk about people who are abusing substances? How do we talk about people who are abusing substances? How do we talk about people with mental health issues? How do we talk about people with mental health issues? How would you like people to talk about YOU and your FAMILY? How would you like people to talk about YOU and your FAMILY?

36. Respectful Language Birth Parent, not Natural or Bio Parent Birth Parent, not Natural or Bio Parent Adopted Person, not Adoptee or Adopted Child Adopted Person, not Adoptee or Adopted Child My Child, not my adopted child My Child, not my adopted child Meaningful Family Engagement Meaningful Family Engagement Adoptive/Foster Constellation Adoptive/Foster Constellation Kin/Fictive Kin Relationships Kin/Fictive Kin Relationships Children, Youth, and Families Children, Youth, and Families

37. Language of Permanency Language of Permanency

38. Defining Permanency Defining Permanency Permanence is not a philosophical process, a plan, or a foster care placement, nor is it intended to be a family relationship that lasts only until the youth turns age 18. Permanence is about locating and supporting a lifetime family. For young people in out-of home placement, planning for permanence should begin at entry into care, and be youth-driven, family-focused, culturally competent, continuous, and approached with the highest degree of urgency.

39. Defining Permanency Defining Permanency Child welfare agencies, in partnership with the larger community, have a moral and professional responsibility to find a permanent family relationship for each child and young person in foster care. Permanence should bring physical, legal and emotional safety and security within the context of a family relationship and allow multiple relationships with a variety of caring adults. Permanence is achieved with a family relationship that offers safe, stable, and committed parenting, unconditional love and lifelong support, and legal family membership status.

40. Defining Permanency Defining Permanency Permanence can be the result of: Preservation of the family; Preservation of the family; Reunification with birth family; Reunification with birth family; Legal guardianship with kin/fictive kin; Legal guardianship with kin/fictive kin; Adoption Adoption APPLA APPLA