1. MOLLY MONCRIEFF PHARM.D. CANDIDATE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY CLASS OF 2013 GERIATRIC HOSPITAL AT HOME

2. HOSPITAL AT HOME Developed by the Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine and Public Health Innovative program that provides acute, hospital level care and home based services to patients who would otherwise require inpatient care Geared toward substituting for hospital care by providing service that is highly satisfying to patients and their caregivers, associated with less complications and is less expensive

3. WHY HOSPITAL AT HOME? Patients run a high risk of debilitating complications during a hospital stay Reduced muscle strength Delirium Hospital acquired infections Psychological and functional decline Hospital stays are expensive Patient and caregiver satisfaction is often during hospital stays Opens up hospital beds for patients with more serious conditions

4. WHY HOSPITAL AT HOME? “It’s best to keep seniors out of the hospital whenever possible.” –Bruce Leff, MD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

5. MIXED REVIEWS Hospital at home versus in-patient hospital care in Cochrane Database of Systemic Review, 2005 A systematic review of 22 randomized, controlled trials of hospital-at-home care Patients who received hospital at home care had outcomes that were similar to those who were treated in the hospital Provided insufficient evidence of economic benefit

6. STUDY Hospital at Home: Feasibility and Outcomes of a Program To Provide Hospital-Level care at Home for Acutely Ill Older Patients Annals of Internal Medicine, 2005

7. OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical feasibility and efficacy of providing acute hospital level care in a patient’s home in a hospital at home To assess patient and caregiver satisfaction To assess the costs

8. PARTICIPANTS 455 community dwelling elderly patients who required admission to an acute care hospital for 1 of 4 conditions Community acquired pneumonia Exacerbation of chronic heart failure Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cellulitis Overall patients were elderly, white and had a high burden of functional impairments and comorbid illnesses

9. STUDY DESIGN Prospective quasi-experiment Non-randomized Intent to treat Two consecutive 11 month phases Phase 1: Observation phase Patients were hospitalized Phase 2: Intervention phase Patients received care in the home hospital setting

10. METHODS Patients were evaluated in the hospital at the emergency department Patients who qualified and elected to proceed with home hospital care were transported home by an ambulance Patients were evaluated by the hospital at home physician either in the ED or shortly after arriving home The hospital at home nurse met the ambulance at the patients home and provided direct nursing supervision for an initial period ranging from 8 to 24 hours

11. METHODS When direct nursing supervision was no longer required, the patient had intermittent nursing visits at least daily The hospital at home physician made at least daily home visits and was available 24 hours a day for urgent or emergency visits Other components were provided such as DME, oxygen therapy, skilled therapies and pharmacy support

12. RESULTS: PROCESS Process outcomes Nurses and physicians arrived promptly Systems to deliver oxygen & medications function properly Mean & median lengths of stay were shorter for hospital at home patients Hospital at home patients were less likely to receive IV antibiotics, have a catheter, have a difficult procedure performed or have a consultation of any sort

13. RESULTS: PROCESS

14. RESULTS: CLINICAL Clinical outcomes Delirium was reduced in the hospital at home patients Patients in the hospital at home group were less likely to have sedative medication prescribed Reduction in the use of chemical restrains in the hospital at home patients Fewer critical complications for hospital at home patients Hospital at home patients had a lower death rate

15. RESULTS: CLINICAL

16. RESULTS: SATISFACTION/FUNCTION Satisfaction of care outcomes Satisfaction of patients and family members was greater in the hospital at home group Functional outcomes No change in activities of daily living between the two groups

17. RESULTS: ECONOMICAL Economical outcomes The mean amount paid by hospitalized patients was $7480 versus $5081 paid by hospital at home patients 8 weeks after admission there was no difference in use of health services between the two groups

18. LIMITATIONS Patients were not randomly assigned to treatment Smaller proportion of patients consented to interviews and contributed data to the analysis of outcomes, such as delirium, satisfaction and function The recruitment experience at site 2 differed from that of the other sites Temporal trends may have affected the study Influenza season

19. CONCLUSION The data suggests that this model is feasible and efficacious Physician involvement is crucial in assuring patient acceptance of hospital at home type care in the U.S. Hospital at home can play an important role in the health care system in the future

20. OTHER STUDIES Closure of a home hospital program: Impact on hospitalization rates in Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2007 This study describes an experiment that took place following spending cuts and closure of a 400 patient Jerusalem hospital at home program The observed hospital utilization in the year following the hospital at home program closure cost $6.2 million U.S. dollars in excess of predicted expenditure Closure of the hospital at home program resulted in the saving of $1.3 million U.S. dollars The ratio of direct increased costs to savings was 5:1 Closure of the hospital at home program resulted in increased hospital utilization rates among the local elderly population

21. TYPICAL HOSPITAL AT HOME PROGRAM Patient requiring admission for one of the target illnesses is identified in the ER. If the patient is eligible and consents, the hospital at home physician evaluates them and is they are then transported home Once home, the patient receives extended nursing care, and then at least daily nursing visits. Nurses are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week The patient is evaluated daily by the physician. The physician is also available 24 hours a day,7 days a week

22. TYPICAL HOSPITAL AT HOME PROGRAM The clinicians use care pathways, including illness- specific care maps, clinical outcome evaluations, and specific discharge criteria. The patient can receive diagnostic studies such as electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and x-rays at home, as well as treatments, including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, intravenous antibiotics, and other medicines, respiratory therapy, pharmacy services, and skilled nursing services. Diagnostic studies and therapeutics that cannot be provided at home are available via brief visits to the acute hospital. The patient is treated until stable for discharge

23. HOSPITAL AT HOME SITES Sites throughout the country Presbyterian Health Services, Albuquerque, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Boise, Idaho Honolulu, Hawaii New Orleans, Louisiana Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Portland, Oregon Bend, Oregon

24. THE FUTURE Telemedicine enhancements will enhance the program Accepting patients of all ages Accepting more medical conditions Extending the program to include early discharge for patients who spend a few days in the hospital Help to keep patients from being re-admitted Will make reimbursement easier

25. BARRIERS No exact definition or guidelines to follow There are only a few programs in the country Attitudinal bias Payment system that favors traditional hospital care

26. REFERENCES Leff B, et al. Hospital at Home: Feasibility and Outcomes of a Program To Provide Hospital-Level Care at Home for Acutely Ill Older Patients. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;143:798-808. Jacobs JM, et al. Closure of a home hospital program: Impact on hospitalization rates. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2007 September;45(2):179–189. Cheng J, et al. Hospital at Home. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2009 February;25(1):79–91. Shepperd S, et al. Hospital at home versus in-patient hospital care. Cochrane Database of Systemic Review; 2005 July 20; Yasmine, I (2007). A new approach helps keep patients out of the hospital. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from Today’s Hospitalist. Website: http://www.todayshospitalist.com/index.php?b=articles_read &cnt=415 http://www.todayshospitalist.com/index.php?b=articles_read &cnt=415 http://www.hospitalathome.org/