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BODY ORGANIZATION
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Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy- investigating human structure via dissections and other methods
Physiology- the science that examines the functions of living organisms
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3. Anatomy and Physiology
• Four basic properties of life
Reception is the ability of the organism to control its actions and respond to changes in the environment
Metabolism is the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth
Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species
Organization involves how the organism is divided into distinct parts to perform these functions
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Anatomy & Physiology
Homeostasis:
A state of relative constancy
A constant state maintained by living and nonliving organisms
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Anatomy
Atoms-molecules-organelles:
• Body structures are organized on five levels
– Cells are the smallest unit of life
– Tissues are combinations of similar cells
– Organs are collections of tissues working together to perform a function
– A body system consists of organs that work together to provide a major body function
– An organism is the being that results when the body systems work together to maintain life
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6. Figure 8-1 Cell Structure
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Cells
Hist/o= tissue
Cyst/o=cell
Histology= study of tissues
Histologist= scientist who studies tissues
Cystology= study of cells
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Cells
Cell- building block; structural unit
*Carry on functions of life:
1. Take in food and oxygen; ingestion, respiration, digestion
2. Produce heat and energy: metabolism
3. Move and adapt to their environment: motility and transport
4. Eliminate waste; excretion
5. Perform special functions; secretion
6. Reproduce to create new identical cells; reproduction
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Cell Membrane
Outer protective covering of cell
Composed of proteins and fats
Semipermeable: allows materials to pass into and out of the cell
Phagcytosis “cell eating”; engulfs solids- proteins, bacteria and dead cell debris
Pinocytosis “cell drinking” liquids (nutrients absorbtion in sm intestines)
Exocytosis- removes particles from the cell (hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, waste
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Cytoplasm
1. semi-fluid inside the membrane that surrounds the cell parts and transports chemicals and nutrients within the cell
2. contains water, food, organelles, and other materials
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Organelles- small structures that perform a specialized function in a cell
Nucleus- brain of the cell; controls cell activity and DNA (including reproduction); however, RBC’s do not have a nucleus and are called enucleated
Nucleolus- located in cell nucleus; important in reproduction (RNA)
Chromatin Network- located in nucleus; forms chromosomes which contain genes that carry inherited traits; chromosomes contain DNA and genetic info of cell
Genotype- configuration of genetic info for an individual trait; genetic make-up of an organism; located in a chromosome
(Karyotype= chromosomal map)
Mitochondria- located throughout cytoplasm; powerhouse of cell; helps produce energy (ATP & ADP); contain their own DNA
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Organelles
Cytoskeleton- microtubules and microfilaments
Ribosomes- protein synthesis (produce protein)
Lysosomes- “stomach of the cell”sacks of digestive enzymes; have enzymes that can break down almost every stubstance in the cell
Golgi Apparatus- synthesizes carbohydrates and transports enzymes/hormones/proteins
Vesicles- fluid filled sack
Vacuole- containers; storage sac-like structure
Endoplasmic reticulum- transport system of network channels
Smooth ER- lipids
Rough ER- protein
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Tissue Types
Epithelial tissue
Covers the body, forms glands, and lines the surfaces of cavities and organs
Has no blood vessels but depends on capillaries in underlying connective tissues
Functions:
Protection- skin
Absorption- digestive tract and kidneys
Filtration- kidneys
Excretion- kidneys
Secretion- glands and kidneys
Sensory reception- skin
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Tissue types
Epithelial cell classifications
Squamous: scale like, singular layer, flat (diffusion)
Cuboidal: square, fat (secretion)
Columnar: tall, narrow (absorption, secretion)
Pseudostratified: single layer of differing heights (secretion)
Stratified: multiple cell layers (protection)
Glandular: make and secrete a product
Endocrine- no ducts (hormones)
Exocrine- ducts, mucous, sweat, oil, salivary
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Tissue Types
Connective tissue
- Functions: transports, supports, & defese
Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue such as fat and blood cells and hard tissues such as bones, ligaments, and cartilage
The most widespread and abundant tissue in the body
Supporting framework of organs
Widely separated cells and abundant intercellular matrix
**Blood is a connective tissue
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Tissue Types
Connective
Soft Connective Tissue
Areolar: support, collagen and elastin fibers, thin and glistens; wraps and cushions organs and nerves
Adipose (fat): signet ring shaped cells; stores fat as reserve food or energy source; insulation for body heat & protection of organs
Reticular: soft internal skeleton (lymph nodes, spleen)
Fibrous (dense regular CT) tensile strength when force is in one direction (tendons, ligaments, fasciae)
Fibrous (dense irregular CT) tensile strength when force is in many directions (dermis of skin)
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Tissue Types
Connective
Hard Connective
Cartilage- tough, elastic material found between vertebrae and end of long bones (shock absorption); also found in nose, ears, larynx; no nerves, poor blood supply- heals poorly
Tendons- connects muscle to bone
Ligaments- connects bone to bone
Osseus (bone)- similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, blood vessels, body structure, and calcium storage
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18. Adipose (Fat) Tissue Type of connective tissue
Insulates to conserve body heat
Supports & protects kidneys
Stores excess foods
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Types of cells.
Fig. 2-5.
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20. Tissue Types (continued)
Nervous tissue
Composed largely of specialized cells called neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells)
Transmits impulses throughout the body
Reacts to stimuli
Makes up brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Tissue Types
Muscle tissue
Made of protein fibers, has the unique property of shortening to produce movement (muscle contraction)
Highly cellular, well vascularized
3 types:
-Skeletal: attaches bones to provide movement (striated & voluntary); high contractility
-Cardiac: causes heart to beat (striated & involuntary)
-Smooth: in walls of hollow organs (GI) & blood vessels; no striations and is involuntary
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Muscle Tissues
Smooth- longitudinal
Smooth- Transverse
Cardiac
Striated
Myotendon jt
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Body Systems
• Integumentary system covers the body and protects other body systems
• Cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products
• Circulatory system includes the blood and lymph that move throughout the body
• Respiratory system exchanges gases between the air and blood
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24. Body Systems (continued)
• Muscular system allows the body to move and controls movements within the body
• Skeletal system provides body support and protection
• Digestive system processes food and eliminates food waste
• Urinary system filters the blood and removes liquid wastes
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25. Body Systems (continued)
• Endocrine system coordinates body cavities through hormones
• Nervous system regulates the environment and directs the activities of other body systems
• Sensory system perceives the environment and sends messages to and from the brain
• Reproductive system provides for human reproduction
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26. Clinical Observations
Palpation- to touch or feel
Auscultation- listen with stethoscope
Percussion- is a method of "tapping" body parts during a physical exam with fingers, hands, or small instruments. The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, borders, and presence or absence of fluid in body organs.
Autopsy- examination of a dead body for cause of death
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Figure 8-4 Body Planes
Frontal plane Transverse Plane Sagital Plane
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Figure 8-5 Body Cavities
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29. Organs in Body Cavitites
Cranial- Brain and pituitary gland
Spinal- spinal cord, vertebrae and nerves
Thoracic- lungs, heart and mediastinum
Diaphragm- muscle dividing thoracic & abdominal
Abdominal- stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large and small intestines, appendix
Pelvic- reproductive organs and bladder
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30. Anatomical division of the back.
Fig
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Figure 8-6 Body Regions
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32. Abdominopelvic regions.
Fig
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33. Anatomical Directions
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Superior
Inferior
Supine
Prone
Deep
Superficial
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Cell Function
Cell reproduction
Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to reproduce, creating an identical replica with the same chromosomes; replaces dead/injured cells
Meiosis is the process of the cell dividing into two parts each with only one half of the chromosomes. This is the process that results in formation of sex cells (gametes). Two gametes with chromosomes from different parents is fertilization.
Gamete- a fertilized egg
Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of genetic information that determines the characteristics of an individual person; genotype is the genetic info in a chromosome; the trait or appearance that results from the genotype is the phenotype
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35. Cell Formation Diseases
Genetic disorders
Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause many disorders
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that tend to spread (metastasize) and invade the tissue around them
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