1. Mathew R. Duguid April 26, 2007 ECET 491 Senior Design Professor Paul Lin Purdue University Fort Wayne, Indiana Project Advisor: Gary Steffen Automated Piezometer System

2. Project Overview Automated Piezometer System Automated monitoring system for piezometers Marchland Levee in LouisianaFolsom Dam in California

3. Agenda Automated Piezometer System Technical Background System Design Testing Procedures and Results Demonstration

4. Project Background Automated Piezometer System Army Corps of Engineers ● Original Proposal Rejected

5. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System What is a piezometer? A hydrological Instrument used to measure statistics about groundwater, such as: Temperature Pressure (Hydraulic head) Groundwater flow

6. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System Where are piezometers used? Dams Levees Water treatment Mining Operations and many more…

7. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System Piezometer Installation

8. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System Where are piezometers used? Underground view of piezometer

9. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System Methods of monitoring piezometers: ManualAutomated – Wired or Wireless

10. Technical Background – Piezometers Automated Piezometer System Current Automated monitoring system problems: Expensive High power requirements Proprietary technologies

11. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Project goals: Inexpensive Low-power and wireless Easy to install and maintain

12. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Design overview: Automated Piezometer System high-level overview

13. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Piezometer Sub-system: Key Technologies Tmote Sky MOTE PS9800 Pressure Transducer HIH-4000

14. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Tmote Sky MOTE: CNN – “ one of eight technologies that will save the world”

15. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Tmote Sky MOTE: Sensor Network MOTE TI MSP430 Microcontroller Flash Memory IEEE 802.15.4(WPAN) Radio

16. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Tmote Sky MOTE: Uses the TinyOS Operating System -Delta Application provides: ○ Multihop mesh network ○ Sleeping ○ Software GIO ○ Time synchronization

17. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Tmote Sky MOTE: 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter Water LevelBattery CapacityRelative Humidity

18. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System PS9800 Submersible Pressure Transducer: Pressure Transducer Versus Vibrating Wire Transducer

19. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System PS9800 Water Level Measurement Process: Current Output Converted to a Voltage Converted to an ADC Count Converted to a Voltage Converted to a Current Converted to a pressure Converted to a Height of Water 18V

20. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Battery Capacity Sensors: MSP430 internal voltage Sensor

21. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System HIH-4000 Humidity Sensor: Tmote Sky Integrated SHT11 The HIH-4000 was chosen because: 64 % less power 1 % more accurate Not Integrated

22. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Base Station Components:

23. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Delta (base station version)

24. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Delta Dlisten -C - captures packets from serial - verifies and escapes, strip frame - displays measurements to the screen - submits measurements to database

25. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Delta PostgreSQL Database dlistenPostgreSQL

26. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Delta HTTP Server dlistenPostgreSQLHTTP Server

27. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Theoretical Resolution: ADC Water Height Resolution =.1268 inches

28. Automated Monitoring System Design Automated Piezometer System Theoretical Accuracy: Water Level Accuracy = 99.815 % Battery and Humidity = 0 – 5 %

29. System Testing Automated Piezometer System PS9800 Accuracy Test Complete System Test Tmote Sky MOTE Power Consumption Analysis

30. System Testing Automated Piezometer System Setup Protek B845 DMM

31. System Testing Automated Piezometer System PS9800 Accuracy Test 1 Amount of Water Added (inches) Sensor Output (milliamps) Derived Amount of Water (inches) % Error 1.03961.022.798 % 1 1/8.04431.152.634 % 1.03961.022.798 % 6 3/32.24136.272.949 % 6.23736.172.799 % 6.23586.132.113 %

32. System Testing Automated Piezometer System PS9800 Accuracy Test 2 Test Range Actual Water Amount (in) Measured Water Amount (in) Average Error (in) ABS Average Error (in) Average Error (%) ABS Average Error (%) 1" 11.010025549 -0.0040.016-0.425%1.591% 1.06251.080492448 10.963047617 10.986536583 1.031251.033514516 6" 6.031256.060153297 -0.0050.021-0.089%0.352% 6.093756.060153297 6.031256.03666433 6.031256.03666433 6.093756.060153297 12" 12.1562512.19077349 -0.0270.040-0.218%0.332% 12.187512.09681763 12.2187512.21426246 12.0312511.9793728 12.2812512.26124039 Total Averages -0.01200.0259-0.244%0.758%

33. System Testing Automated Piezometer System Complete System Test Actual 9V (V) Meas. 9V (V) Actual 3V (V) Meas. 3V (V) Actual WL (ft) Meas. WL (ft) Actual RH (%) Meas. RH (%) 14.8915.023.1202.9812.6752.6944749 14.8915.033.1282.9821.4331.4264851 14.8815.023.1292.9801.1001.1094746 14.8815.023.1272.984.783.78214846 14.8815.033.1272.980.250.251948 9V Error 3V Error WL Error RH Error Expected0 – 5%0 - 5%0 - 0.5%1 – 4 % Actual.87%4.66%.330 %2.13%

34. System Testing Automated Piezometer System Tmote Power Consumption Testing

35. System Testing Automated Piezometer System Old Computers!

36. System Testing Automated Piezometer System Tmote Power Consumption Testing Time (seconds) Current (mA) DataSheet RX – 21.8 mA TX – 19.5 mA MCU – 1.8 mA Sleep – 5.1 uA

37. Automated Piezometer System Questions?