1. General electric flux definition
The field is not uniform
The surface is not perpendicular to the field
If the surface is made up of a
mosaic of N little surfaces

2. Magnetic Flux
Whenever possible:
Units: [Weber] = [Wb]=[T-m2]

3. Gauss’s Law Gauss asserts that the calculation for the flux through a
closed surface from a point charge is true for any
charge distribution!!!
This is true so long as Q is the charge
enclosed by the surface of integration.

4. Gauss’s Law for magnetism
This is true because we cannot isolate a magnetic pole and because magnetic field lines are continuous. The net number of field lines passing through any surface is always zero!

5. Faraday’s Law
When the magnet moves, a current is induced as if there was a source of emf (like a battery) in the circuit!

6. Active Figure 31.1
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

7. Faraday’s Law

8. Active Figure 31.2
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

9. Faraday’s Law of Induction
An induced emf is produced by a changing magnetic field.
Lenz’s Law – An induced emf is always in a direction that opposes the original change in the flux that caused the emf.
Units: [Volts]

10. How can we change the flux?
Change flux by:
Change area
Change angle
Change field

13. 30. In Figure P31. 30, the bar magnet is moved toward the loop
30. In Figure P31.30, the bar magnet is moved toward the loop. Is Va – Vb positive, negative, or zero? Explain.
Figure P31.30

14. Faraday’s Law – continued
Remember FB is the magnetic flux through the circuit and is found by
If the circuit consists of N loops, all of the same area, and if FB is the flux through one loop, an emf is induced in every loop and Faraday’s law becomes

15. Decaying uniform magnetic field P31.4
Assume we can change field: A R
Change flux by:
Change field
Change area
Change angle

16. Applications of Faraday’s Law – Pickup Coil
The pickup coil of an electric guitar uses Faraday’s law
The coil is placed near the vibrating string and causes a portion of the string to become magnetized
When the string vibrates at the same frequency, the magnetized segment produces a changing flux through the coil
The induced emf is fed to an amplifier

17. 1. A 50-turn rectangular coil of dimensions 5. 00 cm × 10
1. A 50-turn rectangular coil of dimensions 5.00 cm × 10.0 cm is allowed to fall from a position where B = 0 to a new position where B = T and is the magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Calculate the magnitude of the average emf that is induced in the coil if the displacement occurs in s.
3. A 25-turn circular coil of wire has diameter 1.00 m. It is placed with its axis along the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field of 50.0 μT, and then in s it is flipped 180°. An average emf of what magnitude is generated in the coil?
6. A magnetic field of T exists within a solenoid of 500 turns and a diameter of 10.0 cm. How rapidly (that is, within what period of time) must the field be reduced to zero, if the average induced emf within the coil during this time interval is to be 10.0 kV?

18. Linear Generator
Charges stop moving when:

19. Linear Generator with Faraday’s Law
By Lenz’s Law, what is the direction of current?

20. Active Figure 31.10
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

21. Power moving the bar
Same result!

22. Breaking effect if power not added

23. 12. A 30-turn circular coil of radius 4. 00 cm and resistance 1
12. A 30-turn circular coil of radius 4.00 cm and resistance 1.00 Ω is placed in a magnetic field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The magnitude of the magnetic field varies in time according to the expression B = 0.010 0t  0t2, where t is in seconds and B is in tesla. Calculate the induced emf in the coil at t = 5.00 s.
19. An automobile has a vertical radio antenna 1.20 m long. The automobile travels at 65.0 km/h on a horizontal road where the Earth’s magnetic field is 50.0 μT directed toward the north and downward at an angle of 65.0° below the horizontal. (a) Specify the direction that the automobile should move in order to generate the maximum motional emf in the antenna, with the top of the antenna positive relative to the bottom. (b) Calculate the magnitude of this induced emf.
22. A conducting rod of length ℓ moves on two horizontal, frictionless rails, as shown in Figure P If a constant force of 1.00 N moves the bar at 2.00 m/s through a magnetic field B that is directed into the page, (a) what is the current through the 8.00-Ω resistor R? (b) What is the rate at which energy is delivered to the resistor? (c) What is the mechanical power delivered by the force Fapp?

24. Rotating Generators and Faraday’s Law
For N loops of wire

25. Induced emf in a Rotating Loop
The induced emf in the loop is
This is sinusoidal, with emax = NABw

26. Active Figure 31.21
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

27. Rotating Generators

28. DC Generators
The DC (direct current) generator has essentially the same components as the AC generator
The main difference is that the contacts to the rotating loop are made using a split ring called a commutator

29. Active Figure 31.23
(SLIDESHOW MODE ONLY)

30. 32. For the situation shown in Figure P31
32. For the situation shown in Figure P31.32, the magnetic field changes with time according to the expression B = (2.00t3 – 4.00t )T, and r2 = 2R = 5.00 cm. (a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on an electron located at point P2 when t = 2.00 s. (b) At what time is this force equal to zero?
45. A proton moves through a uniform electric field E = 50.0 j V/m and a uniform magnetic field B = (0.200i j k)T. Determine the acceleration of the proton when it has a velocity v = 200 i m/s.
59. A circular loop of wire of radius r is in a uniform magnetic field, with the plane of the loop perpendicular to the direction of the field (Fig. P31.59). The magnetic field varies with time according to B(t) = a + bt, where a and b are constants. (a) Calculate the magnetic flux through the loop at t = 0. (b) Calculate the emf induced in the loop. (c) If the resistance of the loop is R, what is the induced current? (d) At what rate is energy being delivered to the resistance of the loop?

31. Induced emf and Electric Fields
An electric field is created in the conductor as a result of the changing magnetic flux
Even in the absence of a conducting loop, a changing magnetic field will generate an electric field in empty space
This induced electric field is nonconservative
Unlike the electric field produced by stationary charges
The emf for any closed path can be expressed as the line integral of E.ds over the path

32. General form of Faraday’s Law
So the electromotive force around a closed path is:
And Faraday’s Law becomes:
A changing magnetic flux produces an electric field.
This electric field is necessarily non-conservative.

33. E produced by changing B
How about outside ro ?

34. Maxwell’s Equations
The two Gauss’s laws are symmetrical, apart from the absence of the term for magnetic monopoles in Gauss’s law for magnetism
Faraday’s law and the Ampere-Maxwell law are symmetrical in that the line integrals of E and B around a closed path are related to the rate of change of the respective fluxes

35. Gauss’s law (electrical):
The total electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge inside that surface divided by eo
This relates an electric field to the charge distribution that creates it
Gauss’s law (magnetism):
The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero
This says the number of field lines that enter a closed volume must equal the number that leave that volume
This implies the magnetic field lines cannot begin or end at any point
Isolated magnetic monopoles have not been observed in nature

36. Faraday’s law of Induction:
This describes the creation of an electric field by a changing magnetic flux
The law states that the emf, which is the line integral of the electric field around any closed path, equals the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path
One consequence is the current induced in a conducting loop placed in a time-varying B
The Ampere-Maxwell law is a generalization of Ampere’s law
It describes the creation of a magnetic field by an electric field and electric currents
The line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is the given sum

37. The Lorentz Force Law
Once the electric and magnetic fields are known at some point in space, the force acting on a particle of charge q can be calculated
F = qE + qv x B
This relationship is called the Lorentz force law
Maxwell’s equations, together with this force law, completely describe all classical electromagnetic interactions

38. Eddy Currents

39. Voltage transformers

40. Current transformers

41. Example: transformers
What is Vs ?