1. LAB EXERCISE # 3 Prof. Dr. Ansari Saturday, September 19, 2015 1

2. OBJECTIVES CLASSIFICATION TYPES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS APPLIED ANATOMY 2

3. 3 Examples of each Products are drained by ducts/directly in to the blood Aggregations of epithelium GLANDSEXOCRINE SIMPLE TYPE COMPOUND TYPE ENDOCRINE DUCTLESS GLANDS Gastric/ Intestinal glands Coiled tubular Sweat gland Mammary gland/ Tubuloalveolar/lungs/ Prostate gland Pituitar y gland CLASSIFICATION

4. 4 SIMPLE TUBULAR BRANCHED TUBULAR BRANCHED ALVEOLAR COMPOUND TUBULAR COILED TUBULAR COMPOUND ALVEOLAR TYPES

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6. GLANDS Arise from epithelium Secretes their products Secretions may be enzymes, mucous, juices, hormones, proteins, lipids, intrinsic factors and steroid. Regenerates Have rich vasculature Are essential for metabolic activity Will give rise to tumors & cancers. 6

7. Glands are classified according to modes of secretion into following 1. MEROCRINE GLANDS 2. APOCRINE GLANDS 3. HOLOCRINE GLANDS 7

8. 8 1.Cell products are released in membrane bound secretory vesicles. 2.These vesicles move towards the apical surface where the vesicles coalesce and released. 3. Sweat glands /gastric glands are merocrine glands

9. Apocrine glands The secretion includes apical portion of the cell surface. Part of cell cytoplasm is lost in the secretion. Mammary glands are example of apocrine glands. 9

10. Unicellular gland Goblet cells are the examples of unicellular glands. Goblet cells are seen in respiratory passages, and large intestines. 10

11. Holocrine glands are the sebaceous glands/mammary glands 11

12. According to the nature of secretion glands are classified as:- SEROUS :-WATERY SECRETION MUCUS:-MUCOID SECRETION MIXED:-BOTH WATERY &MUCOID Parotid gland& pancreas are serous glands. Sublingual salivary gland is mucus type of gland. Submandibular gland is having mixed type of secretions. 12

13. ENDOCRINE GLANDS 1 Pineal Forebrain 2. Hypothalamus Forebrain 3. Pituitary Forebrain 4. Thyroid wind pipe 5. Parathyroid embedded in the Thyroid gland 6. Adrenal Above kidney 7. Pancreas Below the stomach 8. Testis Male sex organ 9. Ovary Female Sex Organ 13

14. : HYPOTHALAMUS 1. It is present in the brain. 2. It produces ’releasing hormones’ and ’inhibitory hormones’. 3. The function of hypothalamus is to regulate the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland i.e. hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland. 14

15. PITUITARY GLAND 1. It is also present in the brain. 2. It produces number of hormones. One of the hormones secreted by pituitary gland is growth hormone. 3. The growth hormone controls the growth of the human body. The growth hormone controls the development of bones and muscle. 4. If there is deficiency of this hormone in childhood, it leads to dwarfism. On the other hand, if is secreted in large amount then the person becomes giant. 15

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17. THYROID GLAND: 1. It is attached to the wind pipe of our body. 2. It produces a hormone called thyroxin. Iodine is necessary for the thyroid gland to make thyroxin hormone. 3. Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism of the body. 4. The deficiency of iodine in the diet of a person produces less thyroxin hormone and causes a disease known as goiter. One of the symptoms in this disease is a swollen neck. 17

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19. PANCREAS: 1. The pancreas is present just below the stomach in the body. Pancreas secrets the hormone called insulin. 2. Insulin regulates the level of sugar in the blood. If it is secreted in less amount the sugar level in the blood rises, person suffers from diabetes. Diabetes causes many harmful effects. 19

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21. TESTES / OVARIES: 21 1.Testes are the male sex organs. They also function as endocrine gland. Testis produces male sex hormone called testosterone. 2. Testosterone controls the development of male sex hormone and the changes which occur during puberty at the age of 13 to 14 years like deeper voice, moustache, beard, and more body hair. Ovaries are the female sex organs. They also function as endocrine gland. Ovary makes two hormones called estrogen and progesterone.

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23. Eccrine & Apocrine glands 23 Sweat glands/all skin except lips & glansApocrine sweat gland/armpits & genital areas

24. PARACRINE GLANDS 24 The secretions from these glands will affect locally

25. Applied anatomy When glands increase in size it is called as adenomas/tumors. When secretions are over, it is hyper endocrine states/ toxicity. When it is under secretion, it is hypo functions. Carcinomas are malignant changes in the glands 25