2. German Secrets of World War II By Nick Covolus, Matt Meves, Stephen Miller, and Jack RandazzoSaturday, September 19, 2015

3. German Secrets of World War II  German U-Boats  Enigma Machine  German Ballistic Missile Program

4. German U-Boats

5. “Wolf Packs”  Germany’s submarine forces were small, but well equipped and immediately applied to isolate Britain from overseas resources  Britain replied with heavily escorted convoys  The Germans responded by sending U-boats out in “wolf packs”

6. “Wolf Packs” cont.  Rudeltaktik was the nick name of U-boats  The “wolf packs” were introduced in June, 1940 and proved immediate success  They were created by Karl Dönitz as a means to defeat the allied convoys  “Shadower” techniques were used to defeat convoys

7. “Wolf Packs” cont.  Reporting convoys heading and speed allowed other U-boats to form around a convoy and attack  The U-boats usually attacked on the surface at night  These tactics of U-boats were meant to overwhelm the convoys  Around 135 such groups were formed from 1940-1943  The U-boats in each group ranged from 3-4 to around 20 in the biggest

8. Types of U-boats  The type II U-boats were the first submarines constructed in Germany in late 1935  The type II U-boats were nicknamed “the canoe”  Crews appreciated them for their maneuverability, their rapidity of plunge, and their solidity

9. Type II specifications  The type II carried a crew of 25 men  It was 44 meters in length  It weighed 314 tons  Its maximum speed on the surface was 12 knots or 22.2 km/h  The type II was able to carry 6 torpedoes as well as a numerous number of guns

10. The type VII U-boat  The first boats of the type VII were launched in June of 1936  No nation constructed more submarines than Germany and its type VII  Its reach and maneuverability had been improved and the arrangement of torpedoes was more efficient  It was endowed with a thicker steel which enabled it to plunge deeper than the type II

11. Type VII specifications  The crew number was 44 men  Its length was 66 meters rather  The weight was 769 tons  The maximum speed was 17 knots or 31.45 km/h  It could carry 14 torpedoes  The amount of guns doubled compared to the type II

12. U-boats missions and objectives (reached or failed)  The German Government sent U-boats across the Atlantic Ocean to come to the United States during a secret operation  Prove to the Americans Germany could get through any boundaries  Scare the Americans more and possibly weaken them

13. Hitler’s secret mission cont.  Germans wanted to show what their Navy was capable of doing, and that it was better than Great Britain's Navy  Once in the U.S. German soldiers were to set explosives in Jewish areas and key buildings where powerful people were present

14. Karl Dönitz  Karl Dönitz created the “wolf packs”  He was a charismatic leader of his troops as well  His service had the highest mortality rate of any military service for any country throughout all of the war

15. Karl Dönitz  Karl Dönitz made tremendous innovations in U-boats during the war  Dönitz and the Torpedo Crisis  The solution to this was the developments of new technologies such as the acoustic torpedo  The acoustic torpedo was able to perform “zig-zag” maneuvers inside of convoy formations

16. Specifications for Entry into the Navy  Well developed for their age  Well built  Free of weakness or disease that affected their health, mobility, and endurance  Men that wore glasses were not recruited  The teeth of any recruit had to be in top condition  Particularly qualified included sailors, sea and shore fishermen, skilled workers from the metal industry, and elsewhere as well  They had to have completed their training as a skilled worker  They had to be German citizens of the German Reich without a criminal record and not married.

17. U- Boat Advantages and Disadvantages  Advantages  U- boats could get in close to their targets undisguised  U-boats could get away if being attacked easier than ships  They could get past great amount of boats easily for secret missions  They were fast and efficient  Disadvantages  They could easily be sunk if hit with depth charges  There was no escape once it began to sink

18. Damage done by U-Boats  U-boats did a great amount of damage  They sunk over 150 boats, cruisers, destroyers, and many other types of ships  They killed over 2,759 merchantmen  Damaged over 30 different boats

19. The Enigma Machine “The greatest secret of World War II after the atom bomb” - Dr. Wladyslaw Kozaczuk

20. The Enigma Machine  Device used by the German military command to encode strategic messages before and during World War II  Revolutionized Cryptography by using a system of rotors

21. Arthur Scherbius  German electrical engineer  Born October 20, 1878  Devised system of rotors  Inventor of the Enigma Machine Arthur Scherbius

22. The Enigma  Reasons  Description  Proposal to Imperial Germany Navy

23. Rotor System  The secret of the Enigma  Wired code wheel  Description

24. Wiring of the Rotors  “The wiring is the heart, the basic secret, of the Enigma.” - David Kahn  Electrical impulses sent through rotors represent the original letter  The result is known as the ciphertext

25. Operation of the Enigma  Special codes and rotor arrangments for each day  Clerk put rotor into Enigma according to codebook specifications  A predetermined code for each day was set before the machine was used  Clerk inputs a letter of message  Right rotor moves one of its 26 places  Battery sends electrical impulse through machine, output is displayed with a glowlampelectrical impulse

26. Advantages and Improvements  Willi Korn designed removeable rotors.  Rotors could be placed into the machine in any order  Paul Bernstein designed moveable rotors with indicator letters on each rotor  Willi Korn also converted the leftmost rotor into a reflector rotor. This rotor send the impulse back through the rotor system toward the rightmost rotor  Rotors avoid repetion – each rotor lengthens period by 26 th power  Great variation – difficult to decipher

27. Use of the Enigma in the German Military  Adopted by:  German Navy in 1926  German Army in 1928  German Air Force in 1935  Rules for Use  Only designated radio man and clerk were allowed to use Enigma  Codes were predetermined for each day  One person performed the coding, other person recorded new message

28. Decryption of the Enigma  Alan Turing  Polish Mathematician  Began project to decipher Enigma  Turing and his team worked to decipher the Enigma with stolen Enigmas and codebooks  Turing gave his information to Britain and United States after German invasion of Poland  MI6 – based at Bletchley Park  Worked to decipher Enigma  Dubbed ULTRA by Winstorn Churchill, meaning Ultra Secret

29. German Ballistic Missile Program

30. Introduction to German Missiles  Vergeltungswaffe (Vengeance weapon) one and two  Wernher von Braun was the project director  These missiles were the first long range missiles which were not controlled by a person in flight  Mainly used as terror weapons  Not very effective at doing large amounts of physical damage due to technological limitations A V-2 Rocket ( Encarta )

31. German V-1 Missile  Used a pulse jet for propulsion  Also known as the “buzz bomb”  Primitive guidance systems made aiming over long distances difficult Basic Facts of the…  Due to is technical limitations, the V-2 took over the V-1’s spot in the terrorization of England

32. How the V-1 Worked  Used a gasoline powered engine  The missile would be propelled off a ramp at the launch and then the engine would continue the missile’s forward propulsion  The engine would be cut off mid-fight so the missile would properly descend while following its trajectory  The missile would often reach a top speed of approximately 390 MPH  After descending, the missile would explode upon impact of the target

33. Limitations of the V-1  Traveled relatively slowly and could be shot down by enemy fighters  Had very poor guidance systems  Engine vibration would damage 25% of the missiles that took off  Only had an approximate success rate of 23%

34. Overall Effectiveness  6,139 English people were killed from the use of the V-1 cruise missile  Set the foundations for more missiles to come  The use of the V-1 as a terror weapon was definitely successful  As a strategic mechanism, the V-1 was really too unreliable to wager any force or local on

35. German V-2 Missile  Could be launched from almost any site since it was carried by a truck (much like modern ICBMs)  V-2s used rockets, as opposed to jets  Had a high failure rate due to quality control problems  Technically superior to the V-1 cruise missile Basic facts of the…

36. A Cross Section of the V-2 (National Air and Space Museum)

37. How the V-2 Worked  The V-2 would be launched and controlled wither by onboard guidance systems or radio signals from the ground  The missile would often reach supersonic speeds during the flight  As the fuel would cut off, the V-2 would begin its return to the ground  The missile would explode upon impact

38. Limitations of V-2 Missiles  Poor quality control in production would lead to a 35% success rate  Onboard guidance would be damaged often, therefore missing targets more  V-2s could not go unused for very long or the success rate would drop dramatically  Supersonic flight would often damage the missiles greatly

39. Lasting Effects of the V-2 and Other Interesting Information  Over 2,700 people were killed and 6,500 were hurt as a result of the V-2  More people were killed in the production of the V-2s than the people that were during its intended use  The V-2 laid the foundation for almost all modern ballistic missiles  The use of missiles as a tactical tool were finally realized

40. German Secrets of World War II  German U-Boats  Enigma Machine  German Ballistic Missile Program

41. Thank you for your time By Nick Covolus, Matt Meves, Stephen Miller, and Jack RandazzoSaturday, September 19, 2015

42. Work Cited  “History of Rocketry Chapter 4: World War II (Germany),” Cliff Lethbridge. http://www.spaceline.org/history/4.html. Published: 2000, Accessed 3/26/2001.  “V-1 Rockets Launched Against Britain,” The History Net. http://www.militaryhistory.com/picture/0613.htm. Published: 1998, Accessed: 3/26/2001.  “V-2 Rocket," Microsoft Encarta 2001 Encyclopedia. http://encarta.msn.com. 1993-2001. Microsoft Corporation.  “V-2: World’s First Ballistic Missile,” National Air and Space Museum. http://www.nasm.edu/galleries/gal114/SpaceRace/sec200/ sec210.htm. Published: 7/2/1997, Accessed: 3/26/2001.

43. Works Cited  Hart, Brian, Chris Savarese. "Cryptography - Enigma Cipher". 1998. 4 Feb 2001..  Kahn, David. The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991.  Kozaczuk, Wladyslaw. “ORIGINS OF THE ENIGMA / ULTRA OPERATION”. Date of Revision Unknown. 25 Mar 2001..  Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. "MSI - U-505 The ENIGMA Machine". 1999. 14 Feb 2001..  Schmidl, Harald. “On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption”. Date of Revision Unknown. 25 Mar 2001..  Schwager, Russell. "History of the Enigma Machine". 18 Nov 1998. 14 Feb 2001..  WGBH Science Unit. "Decoding Nazi Secrets". November 2000. 14 Feb 2001..