1. Social Contract Theories : Antecedents to Classical Criminology

2. Renaissance… Recall: Rediscovery of Greek Classics Athens literature
Aristotle
Science
Logic

3. Social Contract Theories
Theoretical positions that explain social order in terms of a persons’ moral and political obligations, which depend upon a contract or agreement among people to form the society in which they live

4. ‘Crito’ Socrates Laws made his way of life
Relationship between citizens and the Laws of the city are not coerced (choose death & social contract)

5. Contractual Theories... Today Hobbes, Locke Rousseau Next Class
Continue lecture
In class critical thinking exercise about...
Tuesday, 29th
Not a lecture/Group Work Tutorial

6. Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) Leviathan (1651) Radical Conservative
Social order is created by humans
Monarchy should have absolute power
Sovereign state ruling over ‘equals’
Authoritative government & commodious living

7. Hobbes State of Nature: Natural’ causes of conflict:
Limited material possessions
Distrust
Glory (power)
Natural human condition:
“ in a state of perpetual war of all against all”
(Delaney, 2004:3)
No morality & constant fear
Rationality to seek Social Contract
How does this assumption translate temporally?

8. John Locke (1632 -1704) Two Treatises on Government (1689)
Right to self-preservation through private property appropriation*
Authority of King: Protection of people’s property & well being.
Room for resistance …

9. Locke Free will restricted only by God; precedes society & state.
State of Nature:
“perfect and complete liberty to conduct one’s life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others” (pre- political, but not pre-moral)
Peaceful
Conjugal Society
private property is created when a person mixes his labor with the raw materials of nature.
America didn’t really belong to the natives who lived there, because they were, on his view, failing to utilize the basic material of nature. In other words, they didn’t farm it, so they had no legitimate claim to it, and others could therefore justifiably appropriate it.
The justification of the authority of the executive component of government is the protection of the people’s property and well-being, so when such protection is no longer present, or when the king becomes a tyrant and acts against the interests of the people, they have a right, if not an outright obligation, to resist his authority.

10. Money leads to unequal possession of Earth
Locke
Power granted to Civil Government by property owners and not majority
Government has no rights, only responsibilities…
Money leads to unequal possession of Earth

11. Jean Jaques Rousseau Social Contract (1762)
“Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains” (49).
How can we live together, free from coercion?
Through the collective renunciation of the individual rights and freedom (“forced to be free”)
“Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains” (49). Humans are essentially free, and were free in the State of Nature, but the ‘progress’ of civilization has substituted subservience to others for that freedom, through dependence, economic and social inequalities, and the extent to which we judge ourselves through comparisons with others.

12. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778)
The Social Contract (1762)
Generally peaceful
Think wilderness
Few conflicts
Many resources
Changes with population growth & civilization
Communities/Leisure time
Preferences
conflicts

13. Rousseau: Ideal Society
Grew in relation to good governance
All members of society have an equal voice
People are equal to their occupation
No one is above the law
Rejected individual power in favor of collective
New members should not alter the state to their advantage
Preservation from conquest

14. The importance of Social Contract Theories….
“Contractual models have come to inform a vast variety of relations and interaction between persons, from students and their teachers, to authors and their readers.” Classical Criminology & Neo-Classical Crime Policy

15. Midterm 2: Critical Reflection Paper
Due Sunday 23:30 ( submission guidelines)
Group Work: approximately 3 people per group
Incorporate all 4 readings from weeks 9 & 10 and the guest lecture into a critical essay about the Carleton County Gaol (Crime & Punishment tour). You are not to use external sources for this assignment. Students will include three main sections in the paper:
 Discuss the emergence of ideology about punishment in the classical period
 Discuss Foucault’s critiques of the Classical approach and Becarria’s work in relation to the
Panopticon.
 Describe how the Carleton County Gaol is a manifestation of these ideas and theories about crime and punishment.
SEE FORMATTING ASSIGNMENT & SUBMISSION GUIDELINES

16. Group Work???

17. In Class Exercise (Thurs):
Think about your relationship to the university in terms of a social contract:
Is it Hobbesian or Locke/Rousseau inspired (or neither)?
Critical Thinking
Break off in groups of 3-5
Discuss the purpose of the contract, authority, morality
Discuss punishment
How else could it be ordered (agreement/validity)?

18. Contemporary Critiques
“…social contract theory is at least an incomplete picture of our moral and political lives, and may in fact camouflage some of the ways in which the contract is itself parasitical upon the subjugations of classes of persons.” Ethnocentric View of Social Order