1. Earthquakes and Mountain Building
Presented by Mrs.Tonya

2. Layers of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Inner Core
Outer Core

3. Crust 20 miles thick below continents 6.5 miles thick below oceans
Thin outer layer that surrounds the mantle
Rocky and brittle
Less than 1% of earth’s volume

4. Mantle 1,800 miles thick Mostly solid but can slowly deform(plastic)
84% of earth’s volume
1000oC

5. Core Inner Core 758 miles in radius Solid 4300oC Outer Core
1,400 miles thick
Liquid layer
3700oC

6. Math Trivia
The crust is 1% of the earth’s volume and the mantle is 84% of the earth’s volume. What percentage of the earth’s volume is the core?
Answer: 15%

7. Egg Model

8. Tectonic Plates
Pieces of the crust and uppermost mantle that make up the lithosphere
Interconnecting pieces that fit together like a puzzle

9. Tectonic plate activity
Is it possible that all of the continents were connected to form one landmass?
Tectonic plate activity

10. Theory Similar species (fossils) Matching layers of rock
Coastlines appearing to fit together

11. Movement of tectonic plates
Caused by convection currents(theory)
3 types of movement

12. Normal fault Tectonic plates are moving apart
Lithosphere is stretching
Owens Valley, California 12

13. Reverse fault
Tectonic plates are moving towards one another 13

14. Strike Slip fault
Tectonic plates slide past one another 14

15. What causes mountains to be formed?
2 tectonic plates collide
Slabs pile into one another
Causes crust to deform and elevate
Oreo demo

16. What causes a volcano? 2 tectonic plates collide
1 plate boundary is subducted or forced deeper into earth
Causes other slab to fold deeply
Hot magma can seep to surface of earth
Spreading of two plates can cause hot magma to rise to surface

17. What causes an earthquake?
The release of stored up energy as the plates move past each other
The energy moves outward from the fault in all directions in the form of waves
When the waves reach the earth’s surface this causes the ground to shake 17

18. Primary waves Compression waves Push and pull Slinky demo
The fastest seismic wave 18

19. Secondary waves Shear waves Side to side motion Slinky demo
Slower than primary wave 19

20. Love waves Surface waves Cause the most damage to buildings
Travel the slowest of all seismic waves 20

21. How far is the earthquake?
Detect p-waves and s-waves on a seismograph
Calculate difference between waves

22. Calculate distance to earthquake
Distance = rate X time
Example
You are traveling 30 miles/hour and you travel for 2 hours. What distance have you traveled?
Distance = (30 miles/hour)x(2 hours)
= 60 miles

23. 3 locations to determine where earthquake is located23

24. Math Trivia
The Himalayan Mountains formed when the Indian Plate crashed into the Eurasian Plate. Today the two plates are still colliding and the Himalayas continue to rise. If the first person climbed Everest in 1953 and the mountains grow about .5 inches per year. How many more inches would you have to climb if you climbed Everest in 2009?
Answer: 28 inches