1. AGWA Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment: GIS-based Hydrologic Modeling Tool for Watershed Assessment and Analysis © Copyright Adriel Heisey

2. Training Trainers: ­Dave Goodrich – ARS ­Phil Guertin – UA ­Shea Burns – UA/ARS ­Russ Lyons - UA Presentations ­Introduction ­Advanced Modeling Concepts ­Fire Effects and Modeling Training Modules ­Introduction – San Pedro Example ­ Post-Fire Assessment – Aspen Fire ­ Post-Fire Rehabilitation

3. Process-based tool to - Consequences of historical watershed changes - Identify locations for follow-up targeted ambient monitoring - Assist in stressor and source identification - Evaluate effectiveness of management actions Operate with readily available GIS data - USGS DEMs (DEMs in ESRI Grid Format) - STATSGO, SSURGO, FAO soils - NALC, NLCD, GAP land cover/use – users can define their own Applicable across a range of geographies - AZ,OR, NV, NY, VA, WY, MT, Mexico, Kenya, Israel, S.Africa Applicable to multiple spatial and temporal scales Both Stand-alone and Web application Target audience - Researchers - Resource Managers and Decision Makers - Community-based Stakeholders AGWA Goals

4. Endpoints: runoff, sediment, nitrogen & phosphorus Simple, direct method for model parameterization Provide repeatable results for relative change assessments Two hydrologic models to address multiple scales –SWAT for large basins, daily time steps –KINEROS for small basins, sub-hour time steps –RHEM and WEPP for hillslopes (New) Basic GIS functionality –watershed delineation –single or multiple pour points –watershed discretization –simple, direct method for model parameterization –execute the models –visualize results spatially and difference results across multiple simulations AGWA – Basics

5. Daily time step Distributed: empirical and physically-based model Curve-number based infiltration – USLE erosion Hydrology, sediment, nutrient, and pesticide yields Larger watersheds (< 1,000 km 2, up to a HUC 8) Similar effort used by BASINS 71 73 Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT) 71 73 pseudo- channel 71 channel 73 Abstract Routing Representation to next channel

6. Event-based (< minute time steps) Distributed: physically-based model with dynamic routing – both for overland flow and erosion Has been used in urban environments Hydrology, erosion, sediment transport (plus N&P with OPUS version) Smaller watersheds (< 100-200 km 2, up to a HUC 10) 74 72 Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model (KINEROS2) 73 71 73 72 74 Abstract Routing Representation

7. rainfall intensity (i) flow depth (h) infiltration (f) Finite difference step length (dx) fi x Q t h       channel element Excess Runoff From a Plane - KINEROS Other Factors interception hydraulic roughness rain splash erosion soil cohesion (erodibility) Q q Zones of aggregation and degradation can be define.

8. New Features and Capabilities Incorporation of the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model (WEPP) and the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model (RHEM) into KINEROS. –Detailed representation of hillslope elements (geometry, soil, vegetation) –Parameters are available for most agricultural (WEPP) and rangeland (RHEM) types. –Seamless integration between hillslope erosion modeling and sediment transport. –Ability to “switch” models based on land cover being developed.

9. Watershed Characterization (model elements) + Land Cover Soils Rain (Observed or Design Storm) Results Run model and import results Intersect model elements with Watershed Delineation using Digital Elevation Model (DEM ) Sediment yield (t/ha)Sediment discharge (kg/s) Water yield (mm)Channel Scour (mm) Transmission loss (mm)Peak flow (m 3 /s or mm/hr) Channel Disch. (m 3 /day)Sediment yield (kg) Percolation (mm)Runoff (mm or m 3 ) ET (mm)Plane Infiltration (mm) Precipitation (mm)Channel Infiltration (m 3 /km) SWAT OutputsKINEROS Outputs AGWA Conceptual Design: Inputs and Outputs Output results that can be displayed in AGWA Hillslope

10. CSA: 2.5% (6.9 km 2 ) 44 watershed elements 29 channel elements CSA: 20% (55 km 2 ) 8 watershed elements 5 channel elements CSA: 5% (13.8 km 2 ) 23 watershed elements 15 channel elements CSA: 10% (27.5 km 2 ) 11 watershed elements 7 channel elements 0 5 10 km N  the influence of CSA on watershed complexity Automated Watershed Characterization Note channel initiation Point changing with CSA

11. Characterizing the Watershed Homogeneous planes Hydrologic parameters represent intersections of topo., cover, soil Information loss as f (geometric complexity) Scaling issues Assigned the weighted average Watershed modeling relies on condensing spatial data into appropriate units for representing processes leaves plenty of room for error!

12. 64 74 54 31 41 11 21 51 24 14 44 34 94 84 0 10 20 km N 11 14 pseudo- channel 11 channel 14 Abstract Routing Representation to channel 64 Watershed Configuration for SWAT  channel and subwatershed hydrology

13. Watershed Configuration for KINEROS 71 73 72 7 4 71 73 72 74 0 5 km N Abstract Routing Representation  upland, lateral and channel elements in cascade

14. N Contributing Source Area: 2000 acres - ~5% of total watershed area 33 planes - 7 upland elements - 25 lateral element 19 channels STATSGO ID: AZ061 Grassland & desertscrub Moderate relief Sample Configuration - KINEROS Watershed ID: 73 Area: 7.45 km2 Slope: 3.53 % Width: 945 m Length: 7876 m Interception: 2.60 mm Cover: 13.70 % Manning's n: 0.052 Pavement: 0.00 % Splash: 24.91 Rock: 0.43 Ks: 6.67 mm/hr Suction: 115 mm Porosity: 0.459 Max saturation: 0.93 Cv of Ks: 0.95 Sand: 50 % Silt: 33 % Clay: 17 % Distribution: 0.30 Cohesion: 0.006

15. AGWA ArcGIS 9.x Interface

16. San Pedro River, AZ – AGWA Example

17. Kepner et al., EPA-NERL/ESD http://www.epa.gov/nerl1/land-sci/san-pedro.htm

18. Change in Land Cover Extent

19. 19731997 Human Use Index Area near Sierra Vista, AZ Fast-growing city Courtesy Bill Kepner, US-EPA

20. Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Results High urban growth 1973-1997 Upper San Pedro River Basin >WY Water yield change between 1973 and 1997 SWAT Results Sierra Vista Subwatershed KINEROS Results N Forest Oak Woodland Mesquite Desertscrub Grassland Urban 1997 Land Cover Concentrated urbanization  Using SWAT and KINEROS for integrated watershed assessment  Land cover change analysis and impact on hydrologic response

21. 0100200300400 0 4 8 12 Runoff (mm/hr) Time (min) 0100200300400 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 Time (min) KINEROS model runs for rainfall events 5-year, 30-minute rainfall100-year, 60-minute rainfall 1973 1997 Simulated Runoff From the Small Watershed Near Sierra Vista

22. Output – Tools for Water Quality Planning year Event TMDL Priority LOW MEDIUM 20020Miles N EW S 4048M il e s 3036Miles

23. Management Toolkit Use of vegetation monitoring data for model parameterization Land Cover Modification Tool Livestock Management (fencing, water, stocking) Stock ponds/ reservoirs – Wetlands (new) Buffer strips or filter strips (KINEROS) Post-Fire effects LID BMPs (new) Multi-watershed analysis

24. Land-Cover Modification Tool Allows user to specify type and location of land-cover alterations by either drawing a polygon on the display, or specifying a polygon map Types of Land-Cover Changes: Change entire user-defined area to new land cover Change one land-cover type to another in user-defined area Change land-cover type within user-supplied polygon map Create a random land-cover pattern e.g. to simulate burn pattern, change to 64% barren, 31% desert scrub, and 5% mesquite woodland

25. Wallow Fire, Arizona Nutrioso Creek South Fork Little Colorado River Centerfire Creek-San Francisco River Upper Blue River Upper Eagle Creek Middle Black Arizona Phoenix Tucson Pre-firePost-fire Percent Change Peak Flow (cfs)4268.7312651.49196.38 Sediment Yield (tons/ac)1.193.73213.59 Total Sediment (tons)113566.70356133.49213.59 2.8” 25 year 6 hour event

26. Worldwide Interest Google Analytics – visits to AGWA website since November, 2007 4,698 registered users based on downloads 6 continents and 159 countries

27. AGWA Web Page: documentation, software, and publications - http://www.tucson.ars.ag.gov/agwa// - http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/agwa/ Versions - Arcview 3.x - ArcGIS 9.0,1,2,3 - ArcGIS10.0 - DotAGWA 1.x - Below MS-Win7 AGWA Information

28. Hydrology and Erosion modeling in the same place Can be applied across a range of scales (hillslope  HUC8) Models have been used and tested in different geographies Parameterization without calibration – can be used on ungaged watersheds. –Best for Relative Change Analysis R&D – developing model parameters/tools to evaluate the impact of changing watershed conditions –Urban Growth – Increase in Impervious Area – LID BMPs –Rangeland Conditions – Change in Vegetation Cover –Energy Develop – Increase Soil Disturbance, Salt Movement –Wildland Fire – Fire Severity – Increase in Soil Disturbance AGWA – Why use it?

29. Input?