1. DIFAX Maps Weather maps generated by the NWS Before the Internet or AWIPS, these were the basic weather analysis and forecast charts used by meteorologists They were only available through a fax machine connected to a dedicated landline

2. DIFAX maps are gradually being phased out; however, the most important ones are still produced These maps are unique and contain information which is priceless for operational meteorologists All meteorology students benefit from knowledge of these maps and their interpretation If you understand how to interpret the black&white DIFAX chart, you should have no problem interpreting pretty colored charts from other sources

3. DIFAX Map Access National Weather Service: http://weather.noaa.gov/fax/nwsfax.html Colorado State Archive: http://ldm.atmos.colostate.edu/ SUNY Albany: http://www.atmos.albany.edu/weather/difax.html

4. Surface Charts Analyzed charts issued every 3 hours (00Z – 21 Z) Data includes – Hourly synoptic stations – Ship reports – Buoy reports Maps can be found from the HPC: http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfc2.shtml

5. Surface Charts Isobar analysis: – 4 mb increments labeled with tens and units digits – Lows and Highs labeled with L and H with the pressure value labeled nearby (in whole mb) Frontal Analysis http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/fntcodes2.shtml Used for current depiction of surface weather features (most valuable weather chart)

7. Upper Air Analysis Generated every 12 hours with 00Z and 12Z data Produced from the NAM Model analysis – The NAM Model uses a first guess from the previous model run 6 or 12 hours earlier as a basis for constructing the analysis fields – Data is incorporated into the first guess field and the analysis is created via Optimal Interpolation (OI) or 4-D Data Assimilation – Actual data is plotted on the chart, but may not agree with chart’s analysis field

8. 850 mb Chart Isoheights (solid contours) – 30 m intervals with 1500 m (150 decameters) reference line – Contour labels in decameters – Plotted heights are in meters Isotherms (dashed contours) – 5C intervals with 0C as reference line

9. 850 mb Chart Uses: – Low level jets – Lower tropospheric temperature advection and thermal profile (thermal ridges and troughs) – Lower tropospheric moisture advection and profiles (moist and dry tongues)

12. 700 mb Chart Isoheights (solid contours) – 30 m intervals with 3000 m (300 decameters) reference line – Contour labels in decameters – Plotted heights are in meters Isotherms (dashed contours) – 5C intervals with 0C reference line

13. 700 mb Chart Uses: – Mid-level jets – Mid-tropospheric temperature advection and thermal profile – Elevated tropospheric moisture advection and profiles – Height changes

16. 500 mb Chart (North America) Isoheights (solid contours) – 60 m intervals with 5400 m (540 decameters) reference line – Contour labels in decameters – Plotted heights are in decameters Isotherms (dashed contours) – 5C intervals with 0C reference line

17. 500 mb Chart (North America) Uses: – Mid-tropospheric temperature advection and thermal profile – Mid-tropospheric moisture profile – Wave pattern in the westerlies ID of longwaves and shortwaves – LND and approximate steering level for surface synoptic systems – Height changes and wave motion – Vertical and horizontal tilt of waves

20. 500 mb Chart (Hemispheric) Contains same contours as the 500 mb North American analysis, except void of data plots Additional Uses: – Circumpolar vortex – Planetary wave number and pattern – Wave ID

22. 300 mb Chart Isoheights (solid contours) – 120 m intervals with 9000 m (900 decameter) reference line – Contour labels in decameters – Plotted heights in decameters Isotachs (light dashed contours) – 20 knot intervals with 10 knot reference line – Stippled regions represent: 70-110 knot winds 150-190 knot winds

23. 300 mb Chart Uses: – Polar jet stream location/configuration/intensity – 4-quadrant jet/divergence relationship – Upper tropospheric wave pattern – Regions of difluence and confluence – Regions of upper-tropospheric vertical shear

26. 1000-500 Thickness / MSLP Chart Thickness Values (usually dashed contours) – Vertical distance in m between 1000mb and 500mb pressure levels – Function of avg virtual temperature of 1000mb to 500mb layer – Increments of 60 gpm MSLP (solid black contour)

27. 1000-500 Thickness / MSLP Chart Uses – Temperature advection Thickness is proportionally to temperature Use MSLP contours as proxy for wind (assume geostrophic – 5400 (540) line generally divides polar air from mid-latitude air (rain-snow line)

29. General Rules For Drawing Contours (see handout for more detail) Contour lines are drawn to identify constant values of an atmospheric variable A contour is drawn through the station location only if the data for that station has the exact value of the contour; otherwise, the contour is drawn between stations Higher values are on one side of the contour and lower values on the other side of the contour Contours never cross or touch each other More than one contour of a given value may appear on a given map All contour lines must be clearly labeled Often easiest to find the highest value or the lowest value and work from there Keep the surface wind in mind when drawing pressure contours. – Relative to other stations, the stronger the wind, the stronger the pressure gradient, thus the closer the isobars.

31. H L 1016 mb

32. H L 1012 mb 1016 mb

33. H L 1008 mb 1012 mb 1016 mb

34. H L 996 mb 1008 mb 1012 mb 1016 mb

35. H L 996 mb 1008 mb 1012 mb 1016 mb 1000 mb

36. H L 1004 mb 1000 mb 996 mb 1008 mb 1012 mb 1016 mb

37. H L 1004 mb 1000 mb 996 mb 1008 mb 1012 mb 1016 mb