1. Hairs & Fibers Forensic Science
Presentation developed by T. Trimpe

2. Biology of Hair
Hair is composed of the protein keratin, which is also the primary component of finger and toe nails.
Hair is produced from a structure called the hair follicle. Humans develop hair follicles during fetal development, and no new follicles are produced after birth. .
Hair color is mostly the result of pigments, which are chemical compounds that reflect certain wavelengths of visible light.
In order to test hair evidence for DNA, the root must be present.
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3. Biology of Hair
Hair shape (round or oval) and texture (curly or straight) is influenced heavily by genes. The physical appearance of hair can be affected by nutritional status and intentional alteration (heat curling, perms, straightening, etc.)
The body area (head, arm, leg, back, etc.) from which a hair originated can be determined by the sample’s length, shape, size, color, and other physical characteristics. Hair serves the function of protection of skin and reduction of friction

4. The 3 Phases of Hair Growth
Anagen phase – initial growth where the follicle actively produces hair. 6 years
Catagen Phase – a transition phase where the root bulb starts getting pushed out of the follicle: lasts 3 weeks.
Telogen phase – the dying phase of pushing the hair out of the follicle and the hair is shed. Lasts 6 weeks
Then the cycle starts again if the follicle is healthy. Sheading hair is natural.

5. Hair Growth Phases

6. Anatomy of a Hair
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7. Follicle
Hair is an appendage of the skin that grows out of a hair follicle.
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8. The follicle contains more than enough cells for simple DNA Analysis
The follicle contains more than enough cells for simple DNA Analysis. This is a follicular tag.
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9. A single root contains sufficient DNA for analysis
The length of a hair extends from the root embedded in the follicle.
A single root contains sufficient DNA for analysis
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10. Hair Structure Hair is composed of three principal parts:
Cuticle – outer coating composed of overlapping scales
Cortex – protein-rich structure around the medulla that contains pigment
Medulla – central core (may be absent)
The structure of hair has been compared to that of a pencil with the medulla being the lead, the cortex being the wood and the cuticle being the paint on the outside.

12. Hair Structure Cuticle The outside covering. The cuticle varies in:
Its scales,
How many there are per centimeter,
How much they overlap,
Their overall shape, and
How much they protrude from the surface
Its thickness, and
Whether or not it contains pigment.
Characteristics of the cuticle may be important in distinguishing between hairs of different species but are often not useful in distinguishing between different people.
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13. Hair Cuticle Scales
These scales are formed from special cells that are hardened and flattened while progressing from the follicle. They form the same surface as your fingernails
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14. Hair Structure Cortex surrounding around the medulla (middle layer)
The cortex varies in:
Thickness
Texture
Color
Distribution of the cortex is perhaps the most important component in determining from which individual a human hair may have come. This is the layer of the natural color of the hair.
Microscopic examination can also reveal the condition and shape of the root and tip.
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15. Cortex Colors

16. Hair Structure Medulla - The center of the hair
The medulla may vary in:
Thickness
Continuity - one continuous structure or broken into pieces
Opacity - how much light is able to pass through it
It may also be absent in some species.
Like the cuticle, the medulla can be important for distinguishing between hairs of different species, but often does not lend much important information to the differentiation between hairs from different people.

17. Pigment granules are absent in grey hairs
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18. Medulla
a collection of cells which appears as a canal running though the center of the hair
the medulla is the most predominant hair feature in many species
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19. Types of Medulla: Continuous-Interrupted-Fragmented.
Serial medulla is the term used to a describe multiple medulla within a single hair
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20. Types of Medulla

21. Medullary Index
The medullary index is an estimate of the width of the hair
taken up by the medulla; it is usually expressed as a fraction. The index generally has a value
less than 1/3 for humans; for most other animals the value is 1/2 or greater.

22. Medulla:
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23. Forensics Can Differentiate the Species of the Hair
The well trained forensic microscope technician can easily tell if a trace evidence hair at a crime scene belongs to a human or a rat, cat or bear!
Take a look at the following slides and see how different they are !!

24. Human Hairs
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25. Horse Hair
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26. Dog Hair
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27. Cat Hair
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28. Mouse Hair
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29. Rabbit Hair
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30. Deer Hair
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31. Cow Hair
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32. Special Conditions of Hair
The following slides show the ends of several different species of hairs
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33. Natural Tip
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34. Fallen Out Hairs
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35. Pulled Out-By the Root
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36. Broken-Torn
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37. Cut Hair
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38. Fiber Evidence
A fiber is the smallest unit of a textile material that has a length many times greater than its diameter. A fiber can be spun with other fibers to form a yarn that can be woven or knitted to form a fabric.
The type and length of fiber used, the type of spinning method, and the type of fabric construction all affect the transfer of fibers and the significance of fiber associations. This becomes very important when there is a possibility of fiber transfer between a suspect and a victim during the commission of a crime.
Matching unique fibers on the clothing of a victim to fibers on a suspect’s clothing can be very helpful to an investigation, whereas the matching of common fibers such as white cotton or blue denim fibers would be less helpful.
The discovery of cross transfers and multiple fiber transfers between the suspect's clothing and the victim's clothing dramatically increases the likelihood that these two individuals had physical contact.

39. Natural Fibers
Many different natural fibers that come from plants and animals are used in the production of fabric.
Cotton fibers are the plant fibers most commonly used in textile materials
The animal fiber most frequently used in the production of textile materials is wool, and the most common wool fibers originate from sheep.

40. Synthetic Fibers
More than half of all fibers used in the production of textile materials are synthetic or man-made.
Nylon, rayon, and polyester are all examples of synthetic fibers.
Fibers under a microscope
Cross-section of a man-made fiber
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41. Synthetic Fibers
Synthetic (man made) fibers are made by collecting small molecules call monomers (single functional molecule) and connecting them together to make polymers (many molecules connected chemically). This is the realm of Organic Chemistry.

42. Polymer Science
Polymers can be natural like cellulose and rubber. LINK
Synthetic Polymers are man made molecules like nylon, rayon and all plastics. It is used in clothing, carpets… try to think of all plastics in your world…..

43. It’s time to examine some hairs and fibers!

44. Can you identify the animal hairs shown?B C D G E F H I
Teacher Note: I challenge students to identify each hair sample pictured on this slide as they examine the sets of animal hairs I have prepared for them. An observation worksheet is available on my website which requires students to draw an image of what they see and add a description that highlights unique characteristics of each specimen. A key for the animal hairs is available on the next to last slide of this presentation!
Think About It …
In which samples are we viewing the cuticle? How do they compare?
(2) In which samples are we viewing the medulla? How do they compare?
(3) What characteristics can be used to identify hair samples?

45. Can you identify the types of fibers shown?
Teacher Note: I challenge students to identify each fiber sample pictured on this slide as they examine the sets of fibers I have prepared for them. An observation worksheet is available on my website which requires students to draw an image of what they see and add a description that highlights unique characteristics. A key for the fibers is available on the last slide of this presentation!
Think About It …
Which samples are natural fibers?
(2) Which samples are synthetic fibers?
(3) What characteristics can be used to identify fiber samples?

46. Answer Keys

47. Types of Animal Hairs - Key
Cat
Horse
Pig
Human A B C D G E F H I
Deer
Dog
Rabbit
Rat
Human

48. A B C D E F Types of Fibers - Key Acrylic Yarn Cotton Yarn Nylon Rope
Polyester Yarn
Rayon Rope
Wool Yarn

49. Hair & Fiber Identification Lab
Directions:
Your team will need to use a microscope to document all the hairs and fibers in your set.
Write the name of the hair or fiber on the line and then draw what you see under medium or high power. Be sure to indicate the power of magnification!
Add a description that highlights the unique characteristics of each hair and fiber sample.
Pay attention to details to help you identify samples during the Hair & Fiber Challenge activity.