1. The Culturally Constructed Body Prof. Juliet Davis Dept. of Communication The University of Tampa

2. On one hand, the body is a biological entity. On one hand, the body is a biological entity. But everything we believe we “know” about the body is perceived through culture— therefore, the body is culturally constructed. But everything we believe we “know” about the body is perceived through culture— therefore, the body is culturally constructed.

3. Emily Martin ”Medical Metaphors of Women’s Bodies: Menstruation and Menopause” from The Woman in the Body, 1987. Emily Martin ”Medical Metaphors of Women’s Bodies: Menstruation and Menopause” from The Woman in the Body, 1987.

4. Ancient Greece to 17th Century Britain: Human bodies possess more “heat” than animals and are therefore more perfect; male bodies possess more “heat” than female bodies, and are therefore more perfect. Human bodies possess more “heat” than animals and are therefore more perfect; male bodies possess more “heat” than female bodies, and are therefore more perfect. Men’s and women’s bodies are similar—but because women’s bodies are relatively cooler and less perfect, they are incapable of developing organs outside of the body. Men’s and women’s bodies are similar—but because women’s bodies are relatively cooler and less perfect, they are incapable of developing organs outside of the body. This was a “biological fact” for hundreds of years. This was a “biological fact” for hundreds of years.

5. 19 th Century: More “Biological Facts” Edward Tilt: blood turns to fat after menopause Edward Tilt: blood turns to fat after menopause Havelock Ellis: Menstruation is pathological. Women are “periodically wounded” in their “most sensitive spot” and “even in the healthiest woman, a worm however harmless and unperceived, gnaws periodically at the roots of life.” Havelock Ellis: Menstruation is pathological. Women are “periodically wounded” in their “most sensitive spot” and “even in the healthiest woman, a worm however harmless and unperceived, gnaws periodically at the roots of life.”

6. Patrick Geddes, 19th Century Biologist: ”It is generally true that the males are more active, energetic, eager, passionate, and variable; the females more passive, conservative, sluggish, and stable.... The more active males, with a consequently wider range of experience, may have bigger brains and more intelligence; but the females, especially as mothers, have indubitably a larger and more habitual share of altruistic emotions. The males being usually stronger, have greater independence and courage; the females excel in constancy of affection and in sympathy

7. -Women’s races longer than 200m were banned until 1960 when the 800m was reintroduced. -The women’s marathon was not added until 1984. 20 th Century Belief that engaging in sports would harm women’s reproductive organs. “Biological Fact” for males: As recently as the 1950’s the majority of Harvard medical students responded that they believed masturbation caused blindness and insanity in males. “Biological Fact” for males: As recently as the 1950’s the majority of Harvard medical students responded that they believed masturbation caused blindness and insanity in males.

8. 20 th and 21 st Century Lack of research on female biology leads to widespread and dangerous misconceptions about medical treatments for women (heart attack, menopause, etc.) Belief until the 1990’s that males were the suitable subjects of research and that female biology should either follow male biology or was too problematic to study. Common belief until end of 20 th Century that heart attack was a male medical issue. NIH initiative in 1996 funded research for women. The first significant studies of menopause were funded. Until 2002, doctors believed that estrogen prevented heart attack in women. Studies undertaken to prove this actually proved that it caused heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer. Until the 90’s, women’s hormones were not studied because it was believed that they “fluctuated too much.” Studies on obesity were only conducted in men, even though it affects primarily women.

9. 21 st Century Belief that women are biologically: Not suited for upper management of corporations (only 6% of upper management are women). better “nurturers” than men Suited for housekeeping Belief that performance of feminine behavior is biological rather than cultural

10. Emily Martin ”The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles” from Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16 (31), 1991. Emily Martin ”The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male- Female Roles” from Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16 (31), 1991.

11. Cultural mythologies about women not being as worthy as men are supported in medical texts. Menstruation is described as the failure of the egg to fertilize. Menstruation is described as the failure of the egg to fertilize. It is about the egg dying. At best, it is a sloughing- off. It is about the egg dying. At best, it is a sloughing- off.

12. Sperm production and performance, on the other hand, is “remarkable” and “amazing.” Image by Lennart Nilsson Medical Physiology edited by Vernon Mountcastle (1980): ”Whereas the female sheds only a single gamete each month, the somniferous tubules produce hundreds of millions of sperm each day.” Medical Physiology edited by Vernon Mountcastle (1980): ”Whereas the female sheds only a single gamete each month, the somniferous tubules produce hundreds of millions of sperm each day.” Nothing about all those nasty little deaths. Nothing about all those nasty little deaths. No sloughing here—even though semen consists of soughed matter as well. No sloughing here—even though semen consists of soughed matter as well. Sperm depicted as powerful— even though recent studies have found that they have weak forward force and that many sperm are not ideally formed and are unable to penetrate the egg (this is normal). Sperm depicted as powerful— even though recent studies have found that they have weak forward force and that many sperm are not ideally formed and are unable to penetrate the egg (this is normal).

13. What would the Pope think? Religious Logic to Ponder: Religious Logic to Ponder: If masturbation is wrong because it spills the seed (kills sperm) that could fertilize an egg, then how do women fit into this logic? If masturbation is wrong because it spills the seed (kills sperm) that could fertilize an egg, then how do women fit into this logic? Is masturbation O.K. for women, then, because it doesn’t kill anything? Is masturbation O.K. for women, then, because it doesn’t kill anything? Is menstruation murder? Is menstruation murder?