1. Chapter 3: Introduction to the Periodic Table
Section 3.2: Using the Periodic Table

2. Objectives: Relate an element’s valence electron structure to its position in the periodic table, Use the periodic table to classify an element as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid, Compare the properties of metals, nonmetals or metalloids

3. Arrangement Elements are arranged according to atomic number
Atomic number = electrons/ protons
PERIOD- horizontal row in the table
GROUP (family)- vertical column in the table
For elements in group 1 and 2:
The group number equals the number of valence electrons
For elements in groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18:
The second digit in the group number is equal to the number of valence electrons

4. Arrangement
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, similar properties  
Alkali metals are elements in Group 1 (most reactive metals)
Alkaline earth metals are elements in Group 2
Halogens are elements in Group 17 (most reactive nonmetals)
  NOBLE GASES: Elements in Group 18
Maximum 8 valence electron- unreactive – octet rule

5. Physical states of elements
Most elements are solid, only 2 elements are liquid (Br, Hg)
Gaseous elements are in the upper-right corner of the table, except hydrogen
Some elements are not found in nature- synthetic elements are produced artificially
Include: Element 43, Technetium
All elements after element 92, Uranium

6. Classifying Elements
Majority of elements are metals- left side and center
Nonmetals- upper-right-hand corner
Metalloids- along the boundary between metals and nonmetals

7. METALS
Metals have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons - except Lead, Bismuth, and Tin
Strong and durable
Have luster, conduct heat and electricity
Usually bend without breaking
All metals are solid at room temp, except Hg
Good conductors

8. METALS
TRANSITION ELEMENTS: Elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table
Predicting behavior and properties of transition metals is complicated due to the atomic structure of these elements
 Inner Transition Elements
Placed below the periodic table- proper position would make table too wide

9. METALS LANTHANIDES- first series of inner transition elements
Elements 58-71, also called rare earth elements
ACTINIDES- second series of inner transition elements
Elements , all are radioactive

10. NONMETALS
Poor conductors of electricity and heat, and are brittle as solids
Many are gases at room temperature, lower melting points than metals
Nonmetals have 5, 6, 7, 8 valence electrons, except Carbon

11. Metals and Nonmetals Atomic Structure Metals
Valence electrons are loosely bound to the positive nucleus
Electrons are free to move in the solid metal and are easily lost
This motion allows for their good conductivity

12. Ex: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic
METALLOIDS
Elements that have chemical and physical properties of metals and nonmetals
Ex: Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic
Form border between metals and nonmetals
Some metalloids are semiconductors.

13. METALLOIDS
SEMICONDUCTOR: Element that does not conduct electricity as well as metal, but does conduct slightly better than a nonmetal
Valence electrons in nonmetals and metalloids are tightly held to the nucleus
In reactions, nonmetals tend to share or gain electrons

14. METALLOIDS Semiconductor uses:
Used in electronic devices (circuits): TV, computers, calculators
Semiconductors are “doped” with a small amount of another element → allows the movement of electrons → produces electricity
p-type semiconductor- creates “holes” that allows electrons to move in and out
n- type semiconductor- extra electrons present are free to move

15. METALLOIDS
Transistors, diodes, and other semiconductors are incorporated onto thin slices of silicon (chip) to form integrated circuits → growth of computer technology

16. MATCHING CONCEPTS 
Match words or phrases in column 1 with words or phrases in column 2. It is possible to have multiple connections…find as many as you can! BUT, be able to justify the connection!
COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
Conductivity Inner Transition Element
Group Family
Nonmetal State of Matter
Mendeleev Semiconductor
Energy Level Metal
Silver Alkali Metal
Liquid Mercury
Lanthanides Bromine
Sodium Noble Gas
Alkaline Earth Metal Group 2
Group Periodicity
Halley’s Comet Group 1
Solid Magnesium
Metalloid Actinide
7 Energy Levels Gas
1 Valence Electron Period