1. Vadym Prysiazhnyi Specially for Student seminary, Brno, XX April, 2011

2. History Work principle Measuring procedure Data evaluation Final remarks 1 / 10

3. History Work principle Measuring procedure Data evaluation Final remarks 1 / 10

4. History Work principle Measuring procedure Data evaluation Final remarks 1 / 10

5. History Work principle Measuring procedure Data evaluation Final remarks 1 / 10

6. History Work principle Measuring procedure Data evaluation Final remarks 1 / 10

7. 1914 : Robinson and Rawlinson studied photoemission from X-ray irradiated gold and observed energy distribution of electron produced. 2/ 10

8. 1914 : Robinson and Rawlinson studied photoemission from X-ray irradiated gold and observed energy distribution of electron produced. 1921: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". 2/ 10

9. 1914 : Robinson and Rawlinson studied photoemission from X-ray irradiated gold and observed energy distribution of electron produced. 1921: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". 1924: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 was awarded to Manne Siegbahn "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy". 2/ 10

10. 1914 : Robinson and Rawlinson studied photoemission from X-ray irradiated gold and observed energy distribution of electron produced. 1921: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". 1924: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 was awarded to Manne Siegbahn "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy". 1951: Kai Siegbahn (son) developed theory of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), i.e. XPS. 2/ 10

11. 1914 : Robinson and Rawlinson studied photoemission from X-ray irradiated gold and observed energy distribution of electron produced. 1921: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 was awarded to Albert Einstein "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". 1924: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 was awarded to Manne Siegbahn "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy". 1951: Kai Siegbahn (son) developed theory of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), i.e. XPS. 1981: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 was divided, one half jointly to Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy" and the other half to Kai M. Siegbahn "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy". 2/ 10

12. XPS basics Hemispherical detector 3/ 10

13. XPS basics Hemispherical detector 3/ 10

14. XPS basics Hemispherical detector 3/ 10

15. XPS basics Hemispherical detector 3/ 10

16. XPS basics Hemispherical detector 3/ 10

17. Hemispherical electron analyser (VG MKII) X-ray source: unmonochromatized Al Ka (energy 1,486.6 eV) base pressure in the analysis better than 1.9 10 -10 mbar energy resolution of 1.2 eV Lock-in chamber for fast sample transfer 4/ 10

18. X-ray source 5/ 10

19. X-ray source Monochromatization by using mirrors for X-ray 5/ 10

20. X-ray source Monochromatization by using mirrors for X-ray more “optics” => more losses more losses => more power need to generate more power need to generate => problems with cooling 5/ 10

21. 6/ 10 Measuring the overall spectra

22. 6/ 10 Measuring the overall spectra Determine the elements

23. 6/ 10 Measuring the overall spectra Determine the elements Measure each peak separately for precise analysis

24. 7/ 10 Photoelectric effect KE = hν - BE

25. 7/ 10 Photoelectric effect KE = hν - BE SMALL PROBLEM!!!

26. 7/ 10 Photoelectric effect KE = hν - BE SMALL PROBLEM!!! MAYBE BIG PROBLEM!!! (if there is unknown material with a lot of peaks) Chemical shifts

27. 8/ 10 Remember about losses distribution

28. 8/ 10 Remember about losses distribution Subtracting backgrounds

29. 8/ 10 Remember about losses distribution Subtracting backgrounds Calculating the relative atomic ration between elements

30. 8/ 10 Remember about losses distribution Subtracting backgrounds Calculating the relative atomic ration between elements Determining the bonds and chemical state of material

31. 8/ 10 Remember about losses distribution Subtracting backgrounds Calculating the relative atomic ration between elements Determining the bonds and chemical state of material If equipment good enough, recalculating intensities into real thicknesses

32. 1. How to choose the correct background? 9/ 10

33. 1. How to choose the correct background? 2. Recalculation to real thicknesses. 9/ 10

34. 1. How to choose the correct background? 2. Recalculation to real thicknesses. 3. Resolution problem 9/ 10

35. What we can doDifficulties/ Few nanometers sensitivity Non-destructive method Identify all elements (exept of H and He) Get the information about the chemical and molecular state Possibility to have lateral and depth profiles Quantitative determination Expensive equipment In case of many elements or need to precise determination analysis become extremely difficult Sensitivity on the level of 0,1%

36. We are now here Scientists… Office managers, Somewhere there, Or elsewhere