1. Unit 4: Medical Technologies

2. - any format of machinery that is used to operate or perform medical procedures

3. To know if something is “wrong” you need to know what is “right”  Primary Vital Signs and Normal Ranges  Http://www.med.ucla.edu/wilkes/intro.html  A website that provides samples of normal and abnormal heart and breathing sounds

4. Primary Vital Signs - Allow for a basic assessment of body function 1. Temperature 2. Blood Pressure 3. Pulse (heart rate) 4. Respiratory Rate

5.  Each of these has a normal range, a range that’s common in 95% of the population  The normal range will vary with sex, age, fitness, ethnicity, etc.

6. 1. Temperature  Proteins are affected by body temperatures, therefore we usually thermoregulate to maintain a constant core temperature (36.8 +/- 0.7)

7.  How do we thermoregulate?  When we are hot: we sweat, the hairs on our bodies lie flat and our blood vessels become wider (vasodilation)  When we are cold: we shiver, we get goose bumps to trap heat and we vasoconstrict

8.  High core body temperature can indicate  Infection (a temporary re-setting of the thermostat, part of non-specific immunity)  Hyperthermia (loss of thermoregulation due to heat stroke or drug reaction)

9.  low core body temperature (hypothermia) is normally due to exposure to low temperatures

10. 2. Blood Pressure  Pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels  Composed of two readings  Systolic: maximal contraction (ventricular) of heart (115 mm Hg)  Diastolic: resting pressure (70 mm Hg)  115/70 is “normal”  http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_Dis playAnimation.aspx?gcid=000013&ptid=17 http://www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_Dis playAnimation.aspx?gcid=000013&ptid=17

11.  Measured using a sphygmomanometer  http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animation s/content/bloodpressure.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animation s/content/bloodpressure.html

12. hypertension  Blood pressure is abnormally high  A risk factor for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure  Shortens life expectancy Causes:  Very complex, but risk factors include sedentary life style, obesity, salt sensitivity

13. Classification Systolic pressureDiastolic pressure mmHg kPa kPa (kN/m 2 ) mmHg kPa (kN/m 2 ) Normal 90– 119 12–15.960–798.0–10.5 Prehypertensi on 120– 139 16.0–18.580–8910.7–11.9 Stage 1 140– 159 18.7–21.290–9912.0–13.2 Stage 2≥160≥21.3≥100≥13.3 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥140≥18.7<90<12.0 Source: American Heart Association (2003). [8] [8]

15. hypotension  Blood pressure abnormally low  Usually shows as dizziness, sometimes fainting  Can be due to hormonal changes, widening of blood vessels, side effects of medicines, etc.

16. 3. Pulse (heart rate)  Physical expansion of the artery  Varies with age, in an adult 50-80 beats per minute  Bradycardia: below 60 bpm  Tachycardia: above 100 bpm

17. 4. Respiration Rate  Normal adult 12-2o breaths per minute

18. Age Normal heart rate (beats per minute) [15] [15] Normal respiratory rate (breaths per minute) [16] [16] Newborn100-160 [17] [17] 30-50 0–5 months90-15025-40 6–12 months80-14020-30 1–3 years80-13020-30 3–5 years80-12020-30 6–10 years70-11015-30 11–14 years60-10512-20 14+ years60-10012-20