1. Summary of Progress Since MARCDAT-I and CLIMAR-II Elizabeth Kent, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK with help from David Berry, Mark Bourassa, Ken Casey, Gil Compo, Sergey Gulev, David Parker, Nick Rayner, Dick Reynolds, Shawn Smith, Tom Smith, Val Swail, Dennis Wheeler,Scott Woodruff, and Takashi Yoshida

2. Outline oThe Recommendations oProgress Highlights Data Recovery and Improvement Dataset Development Metadata Data Archival and Access Wider Interactions oRemaining Challenges

3. The Recommendations oBoth MARCDAT-I in Jan/Feb 2002 and CLIMAR-II in November 2003 made recommendations for specific tasks required to advance marine climatology o A website was set up and progress towards meeting the recommendations was monitored http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/coads/climar2/recs.html oSome areas show very good progress (e.g. SST, surface pressure, data availability and metadata) oOthers show more work is needed (e.g. winds, waves and data homogenisation)

4. The Recommendations oAvailable as a handout, 6 sections oMARCDAT-I, Jan/Feb 2002 A: SST and Surface Temperature B: Surface Pressure and Wind C: Technical Issues oCLIMAR-II, November 2003 D: Climate Monitoring E: Metadata and Homogenisation F: Uncertainties, Data Availability and Future Workshops

5. Progress Highlights: Data Recovery oThe digitisation of historical data has improved our knowledge of long term climate change (Recs B9, C1) Kobe Collection CLIWOC (1750 - 1850, Talk: Wheeler) NOAA Climate Database Modernisation Programme (CDMP, Talk: Elms) EMULATE oThese data must then be incorporated into ICOADS, a complex and expensive task (Talk: Woodruff, Worley and Reynolds)

6. Significance of the digitized Kobe Collection Increase of available data in the Pacific GLOBAL Figures. Yearly number of observations in the Kobe Collection and COADS Release 1 (the Kobe Collection data digitized in 1960- 1962 are excluded) in the Pacific and in the global ocean. PACIFIC  Available data in the Pacific in the early 20th century significantly increased by both of the Kobe digitisation projects. Courtesy of Takashi Yoshida, JMA

7. Historical Data Digitisation: CLIWOC Courtesy of Dennis Wheeler, University of Sunderland, UK o CLIWOC focussed on data from 1750-1850 o Only 5% of UK data were digitised o Data digitised were for local noon o A multi-lingual dictionary of terms was developed o Work underway to incorporate into ICOADS (red = English data; purple = Spanish; blue = Dutch Blue =English Red = Spanish Black = French Yellow = Dutch

8. Progress: Data Recovery and Improvement oInitiatives to include research quality meteorological measurements in ICOADS (R: C7) Collaborative project between FSU Research Vessel Surface Meteorological Data Center and ICOADS (Talk by Smith, Woodruff and Worley) oRetrieval of humidity observations only available as relative humidity (R: F5) In progress, necessary for e.g.TAO moorings and some Research Vessels oInitiatives to improve in situ data quality SAMOS (poster by Smith) VOSClim (R: E6, talk by Kent, North, Woodruff and Berry) oAnd we now have Pathfinder AVHRR satellite surface temperature data for lakes and inland seas (R: A7)

9. Pathfinder V5 now contains temperatures for inland lakes and waters… but they need to be validated and properly quality controlled! Courtesy of Ken Casey, NOAA National Oceanographic Data Center

10. Progress: Dataset Development oImproved Methods for Dataset Construction Many marine meteorological datasets, now contain uncertainty estimates (A14,15, B14) e.g.  ERSST.v2, HadISST, HadMAT and HadSLP, EMULATE oA variety of techniques are being used, e.g. Optimal techniques (Posters: Kaplan; Yoshikawa, et al.. Talk: Bourassa and Smith) Daily data (e.g. EMULATE, Talks: Reynolds, Casey and Smith, Posters: Sakurai, Kurihara and Kurango and Kent and Berry) Blending of datasets (Talks: Casey, Barton, Kearns and Reynolds, Poster: Smolyanitsky) Reanalysis (Talks: Compo, Whitaker and Sardeshmukh and Simmonds)

11. Progress: Dataset Development oA wider variety of variables are being analysed, e.g. Waves (Poster: Grigorieva and Gulev) Winds (Talk: Thomas, Kent and Swail) Air Temperature (Poster: Rigor, Stern and Schweiger) Surface Fluxes (Talk: Gulev and Belyaev; Poster: Kent and Berry) Clouds (Talk: Warren and Hahn) Subsurface (Posters: Palmer, Ansell and Tett; Harrison and Carson) Sea Ice (Talk: Fetterer, Fowler, Arbetter, Meier and Street, Poster: Smolyanitsky)

12. Improved Methods for Dataset Construction Tropospheric reanalysis using only surface pressure inputs (R: B13) (See talk by Compo, Whitaker and Sardeshmukh) Monthly fields from daily optimal interpolation of ICOADS data, in this case air temperature. (See poster by Kent and Berry) Global (land and ocean) surface temperature reconstruction, includes 95% confidence intervals Smith and Reynolds (2005) "A Global Merged Land-Air-Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction Based on Historical Observations (1880-1997)", J. Climate Total sampling errors in net air-sea heat flux. Gulev, Jung and Ruprecht, "Estimation of the Impact of Sampling Errors in the VOS Observations on Air-Sea Fluxes" J. Climate, submitted

13. Improved Methods for Dataset Construction JMA Merged Global Daily SST Dataset See talk by Sakurai, Kurihara and Kurango Gradient of AMSR-E SST, Daily, Jan-Mar 2003 See talk by Smith, Reynolds, Casey and Chelton. Indian Ocean Latent Heat Fluxes from FSU

14. Progress: Understanding of bias oImproved understanding of data biases (R: A1, A3, B5, B8, E5), for example: SST (Talks: Kennedy; Reynolds, Casey and Smith, Poster: Sakurai, Kurihara and Kuragano) Air Temperature (Talk: Berry and Kent) Humidity (Poster: Willett, Jones, Thorne and Gillett) Winds (Posters: Lindau; Moat, Yelland, Kent and Molland, Talk: Thomas, Kent and Swail) Waves (Poster: Grigorieva and Gulev) Clouds (Talk: Warren and Hahn) Ocean profiles (Poster: Ingleby) Fluxes (Poster: Bourassa)

15. © Crown copyright Uncertainties in bias corrections Proportion of canvas buckets and speed of ships increase over time, leading to increased corrections Inclusion of U.S. Merchant Marine 1000 realisations of bucket corrections are generated by varying inputs within bounds defined by their uncertainties Larger corrections than before

16. How has the recovered SST data changed the uncertainty? Addition of new data sources reduces sampling uncertainty June 1940 - oldJune 1940 - new °C © Crown copyright

17. Progress: Metadata oMetadata for the Voluntary Observing Ships are now more accessible WMO Publication No. 47 Metadata now served alongside individual ICOADS reports Pub. 47 metadata for 1955 to 1972 being digitised by CDMP (available hopefully this year) WMO now only 9 months behind in metadata delivery! Observing practice literature is being archived and digitised oMetadatabase for Offshore Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) set up by JCOMM and being populated Challenge for climate is to find resources to fill this important database with historical ODAS metadata

18. Metadata Digitisation - CDMP o This Voluntary Observing Ship metadata from 1955 has already been imaged and will shortly be digitised

19. Progress: Metadata oImproved understanding of the importance of metadata Metadata are as important as the data, and are essential if we are to quantify and remove bias oWe can use metadata from a variety of sources WMO Publication No. 47 for VOS ODAS Metadatabase for buoys and platforms Observing and coding instructions (Poster: Yoshida) Questionnaires (Russian SHIPMET and WMO) Historical descriptions of observing practice

20. Progress: Data Archival and Access oData Archival New International Marine Meteorological Archive (IMMA) data format "Attachments" can flexibly add important information for particular data sources, e.g.  VOS metadata are served alongside data in attachment oData Access NetCDF emerging as preferred exchange format for data products? Frameworks such as OPeNDAP allow for easy intercomparison of datasets Data access is typically free and open, (R: C5) Many more datasets available in near real time (R: B1, C2, E1)

21. Progress: Wider Interactions oThe CLIMAR and MARCDAT Workshops facilitate the collaborative efforts required to advance marine climatology oCLIMAR-II Special Issue of the International Journal of Climatology effective way of rapidly disseminating results oJCOMM-II recommended that CLIMAR-III go ahead as a self-funding workshop in 2007 recognised the importance of marine climatology and enhanced mandate of their Expert Team on Marine Climatology

22. Progress: Wider Interactions oAttendees at the workshops are members of a wide range of international panels and groups including: AOPC, OOPC WCRP (JSC, WOAP, WGSF) JCOMM (ETMC, ETWS, ETSI, ETDMP, SPA, OPA, SOT) IPCC Working groups oAre we (and they) making the best use of any links? (R: D2)

23. Remaining Challenges oCLIMAR-II called for marine observations to be collected following the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles (R: D1) oThis was endorsed by JCOMM-II last month The Commission also acknowledged that continuity in the observing system was of central importance for climate applications, accepted the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles as best practice, and noted that the work of the Data Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP), Ship Observations Team (SOT, inc. VOS, SOOP and ASAP), and the Global Sea Level Observing System Group of Experts (GLOSS GE) would be conducted in accordance with the GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles wherever possible oHowever...

24. Sources of In Situ data in ICOADS VOS data in decline From Worley et al. (2005), International Journal of Climatology

25. Change in Data Uncertainty with Time From Kent et al. (2005), Poster at JCOMM-II, available from http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/MET/PDF/JCOMM2.pdf Blue: adequate data coverage; Red: inadequate data coverage SST Air Temperature

26. Remaining Challenges (1) oRegular intercomparisons of analyses (R: A13) oWinds (R: B4-7, B14) Talk by Thomas et al. will show problems with the recent VOS visual winds. TurboWin height correction, 2002 - 2004+ oQuality Control (R: C4) ICOADS trimming limits approach needs improving oClimate Monitoring VOS observations in decline and changing in character (R: D1, D2) Accuracy requirements for gridded fields not defined (R: D4) Climate indices required (R: D6)

27. Remaining Challenges (2) oStandards for instrument design and positioning (R: D5) oWave information need for spectral wave measurements in Southern Ocean (R: D7) and wave information in ICOADS summaries (R: D8) oMetadata Historical buoy (ODAS) metadatabase requires filling (R: B10, E4) WMO still struggling to supply Pub. 47 in timely manner (R: E1) Some ship operators not keeping Pub. 47 entries up to date Overhaul of operational Pub. 47 to produce climate metadatabase oDo we need a working group on uncertainties? (R: F1) oDefinitive website with links to data sources and data products (with JCOMM, R: F2, F6)

28. Remaining Challenges (3) oData products Work with JCOMM on data products? Need to bring together ocean/ice/surface met. data? How do we use high-quality non-climate products such as those from GODAE? What resolution data do we actually require - can we resolve the diurnal cycle?