1. Database and Database Users

2. Outline Database Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Actors on the Scene Advantages of using the DBMS approach

3. Database Examples Database is involved like everywhere in our world For example: If we go to bank to deposit or withdraw Make hotel and airline reservation Purchase something on line Buy groceries in supermarkets

4. Database Applications These examples are what we called traditional database applications More Recent Applications: Youtube iTunes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Data Warehouses Many other applications

5. Database can be any size and complexity For example: A list of names and address IRS (assume it has 100 million taxpayers and each taxpayer file 5 forms with 400 characters of information per form=800Gbyte) Amazon.com (15 million people visit per day; about 100 people are responsible for database update)

6. Database System Database: A collection of related data. Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning. Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/system to facilitate the Define, Construct, Manipulate and Share functions of a computerized database.

7. Typical DBMS Functionality Define a particular database in terms of its data types, structures, and constraints Construct or Load the initial database contents on a secondary storage medium Manipulate the database: Retrieval: Querying, generating reports Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content Accessing the database through Web applications Share a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously

8. Database System Database System: DBMS + Database

9. Simplified database system environment

10. Outline Database Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Actors on the Scene Advantages of using the DBMS approach

11. An UNIVERSITY example A UNIVERSITY database for maintaining information concerning students, courses, and grades in a university environment We have: STUDENT file stores data on each student COURSE file stores data on each course SECTION file stores data on each section of each course GRADE_REPORT file stores the grades that students receive PREREQUISITE file stores the prerequisites

12. Example of a simple database

13. Database manipulation Database manipulation involves querying and updating Examples of querying are: Retrieve a transcript List the prerequisites of the “Database” course Examples of updating are: Enter a grade of “A” for “Smith” in “Database” course

14. Outline Database Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Actors on the Scene Advantages of using the DBMS approach

15. Database V.S. File In the database approach, a single repository of data is maintained that is defined once then accessed by various users The major differences between DB and File are: 1. Self-describing of a DB 2. Insulation between programs and data 3. Support of multiple views of the data 4. Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

16. Flat Files Data is stored as records in regular files Records usually have a simple structure and fixed number of fields For fast access may support indexing of fields in the records No mechanisms for relating data between files One needs special programs in order to access and manipulate the data

17. DBMS Must write special programs to answer each question a user may want to ask about data Must protect data from inconsistent changes made by different users accessing data concurrently Must cope with system crashes to ensure data consistency Need to enforce security policies in which different users have permission to access different subsets of the data

18. 18 RDBMS Market Shares In 2006, www.gartner.com Oracle: 47% market share, $7.2BN in sales IBM: 21% market share with $3.2BN in sales Microsoft: 17% market with $2.6BN in sales

19. Self-describing nature of a database system Database system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition of the database structure and constrains The information stored in the catalog is called Meta-data (data about data), and it describes the structure of the primary database.

20. Example of a simplified Meta-data

21. Insulation between programs and data In file processing, if any changes to the structure of a file may require changing all programs that access the file In database system, the structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the access program This is called program-data independence

22. Support of multiple views of the data Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user It may also contain some virtual data that is derived from the database files but its not explicitly stored

23. Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the database. Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or aborted For example, when several reservation clerks try to assign a seat on an airplane flight (these types of applications are generally called online transaction processing (OLTP))

24. Outline Database Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Actors on the Scene Advantages of using the DBMS approach

25. Database Users Database administrators: Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations. Database Designers: Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs. End Users System Analysts

26. End Users Casual: access database occasionally by sophisticated query language when needed. (Manager) Naïve: they make up a large section of the end-user population. Learn only a few facilities that they may use repeatedly (bank clerk) Sophisticated: These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Stand-alone: maintain personal database by using well designed GUI

27. Outline Database Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Actors on the Scene Advantages of using the DBMS approach

28. Controlling Redundancy Controlling Redundancy is one of most important feature to use DBMS The traditional file approach, each group independently keeps their own file. For example: accounting office keeps data on registration and billing info; whereas the registration office keeps track of registration, student courses and grades.

29. Controlling Redundancy This redundancy in storing the same data multiple times leads to several problems: 1. Logic update – we need to update several times 2. Storage space is wasted 3. The file that represent the same data may become inconsistent

30. Other Advantages of using the DBMS approach Restricting unauthorized access to data Providing Storage Structures (e.g. indexes) for efficient Query Processing Providing backup and recovery services

31. Other Advantages of using the DBMS approach Providing multiple interfaces to different classes of users Representing complex relationships among data.

32. When NOT to use DBMS? The overhead cost of using DBMS: High initial investment in hardware, software and training The cost of defining and processing data Overhead for security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions

33. When NOT to use DBMS? Hence, it may be more desirable to use regular files under the following situations: Simple, well-defined database applications that are not expected to change Real-time requirements for some programs that may not be met due to DBMS overheads No multiple-user access to data