1. IIASA Sources of PM Emissions in Europe

2. IIASA RAINS Emission and cost calculation scheme Activity data Vintages Other Emission factor Control strategies, legislation Emissions and Costs Size distribution Current practice Legend: - Data asked for - Data available from guidebooks - Data assumed in the model but available for review - Result of calculation Base year: Detailed (but available from published sources) energy, agriculture, transport and industrial production statistics. Forecast: Aggregated data and economic indicators Abatement technologies (efficiency, costs, etc.)

3. IIASA Methodology  Emission factors for TSP first –mass balance approach for stationary combustion sources –reported factors for the mobile and other sources  PM 10 and PM 2.5 fractions for uncontrolled emissions  Uncontrolled emission factors for fine / coarse / PM>10  Size-specific emission removal efficiencies

4. IIASA Source sectors Compatible with the current RAINS structure Additional information/sources: –boiler type and size (grate, fluidized bed, pulverized fuel), –unleaded gasoline, –gasoline direct injection engines, –brake and tire wear, road abrasion, –material handling, –industrial processes (e.g. fertilizer production) –other ‘dust’.

5. IIASA Source sectors Stationary combustion sources Centralized power and district heating plants –Existing plants* (wet bottom, other types of boilers) –New plants Fuel production and conversion sector Industrial combustion plants –Boilers –Other combustion Residential combustion * Refers to all plants commissioned before or in 1990

6. IIASA Source sectors Industrial processes Cement production Iron and Steel –Pig iron production –Coke production –Sinter production –Electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces Non-ferrous metal smelters Fertilizer production Pulp and paper industry

7. IIASA Source sectors Mobile sources Exhaust emissions –Heavy duty vehicles (trucks, busses) –Light duty vehicles, cars, motorcycles * –Gasoline direct injection engines –Unleaded gasoline –Off-road machinery * –National sea shipping (medium and large vessels) Non-exhaust emissions –Tire and brake wear –Road abrasion * For gasoline distinguishing between 2 and 4-stroke engines

8. IIASA Source sectors Other sources Agriculture –pig farms –poultry farms –cattle farms –other Material handling Other dust

9. IIASA Data sources Activity data Stationary combustion –International and national energy statistics, DG Energy projections, Official Energy Pathway Industrial processes –International commodity statistics, national experts Mobile sources –as stationary combustion and AUTO OIL Other –TNO (1993), FAO (1999), EFMA (1998), IFA (1999), national experts

10. IIASA Data sources Emission factors Stationary combustion –AEAT (1999), UBA (1999), EPA (1999) IEA, UNECE databases on fuel characteristics, national experts Industrial processes –EPA (1998), AEAT (2000), UBA (1999) Mobile sources –AUTO OIL, Wulf (1998), CBS-RIVM (1998) Other –RIVM (2000)

11. IIASA Conclusions/ Summary Framework for calculating European emissions of PM developed Most important PM sources covered The model has an open environment The model is available on the web Further work is necessary to: –improve database on country specific parameters (e.g., fuel characteristics, current practices, legislation, etc.) –assess the importance of fugitive losses –perform further verification