1. 微波電路期中報告 論文 研討 : John C. Webber 、 Marian W. Pospieszalski, “Microwave Instrumentation for Radio Astronomy”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 報告人 : 碩研電子一甲 MA030217 陳力源 Southern Taiwan University Department of Electronic Engineering

2. 摘要 Radio astronomy is a branch of science that allows observation of natural radio signals from cosmic sources. Microwave techniques are employed in large radio telescope systems. Index Terms—Amplifiers, radio astronomy, radio receivers, superconductor–insulator–superconductor mixers. 1 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

3. Radiometers 2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 (a) Resistor at temperature T. (b) Antenna in an absorbing box at temperature T. (c) Antenna observing sky at temperature T (after [2]).

4. Simplified block diagram of a total power receiver. 3 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 from antenna theory that Upon substitution of (3) into (2), (1) is obtained, i.n., the available noise power at the ideal antenna terminals of Fig 2. ---(3) ---(2) ---(1)

5. Geometry of a simple two-element interferometer 4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 Geometry of a simple two-element interferometer

6. A.General Remarks The quest for ultra-low-noise reception is especially important for radio astronomy as the receiver noise is usually a significant part of the system noise 5 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 LOW-NOISE DEVICES

7. B.HFET Amplifiers the technology of InP devices has matured and allowed practical use. Hybrid “chip and wire” amplifiers have been demonstrated up to frequencies of 118 GHz 6 LOW-NOISE DEVICES IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

8. Comparison of noise temperature of NRAO cryogenic receivers using InP HFET amplifiers cooled to approximately 20 K and SIS mixer receivers cooled to 4 K. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 Fig. 4.

9. C. SIS Mixers An SIS mixer employs a superconducting tunnel junction as the nonlinear mixing element. A high-quality SIS mixer can have a noise temperature ( 5 K at 100 GHz) Modern SIS mixers normally use Nb junctions, which give good results when cooled to 4.0-K physical temperature Junction sizes are typically a few square micrometers, and critical current densities are typically a few thousand A/cm. an IF bandwidth of 1 GHz, with the exception of an approximately 3- GHz 8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

10. 9 Example of noise performance of a fixed-tuned SIS mixer (discrete points) and the entire receiver (solid line) for 200–290 GHz a balanced SIS mixer has the same advantages as a balanced conventional mixer: reduction of the required LO power and canceling of the LO sideband noise downconverted into the IF band. A balanced SIS mixer using niobium MMIC technology has been demonstrated at 200– 300 GHz

11. A.HFET Receiver A critical area in very low-noise receiver design is a low-loss coupling between an ambient temperature feed horn and a cryogenic amplifier. The VLBA front-ends use a gapped circular waveguide transition from the feed to a cooled polarizer located within the vacuum Dewar. 10 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 EXAMPLES OF RADIO ASTRONOMY RECEIVERS

12. 11 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 B. SIS Receiver SIS mixer receivers are typically employed above frequencies of about 100 GHz. The radiation into the mixer are the same as for HFET receivers,made even more difficult by smaller dimensions and tolerances as the frequency is increased. Double-sideband receiver noise temperatures of approximately 20 K have been reported near 100 GHz for Nb SIS mixer receivers

13. 12 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 Simplified block diagram of a MAP satellite pseudocorrelation radiometer C. MAP Radiometer

14. 13 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 100-meter Robert C. Byrd GBT Inner portion of the VLA in its most compact configuration

15. 本文內容對我自己幫助也很大 ， Microwave Instrumentation for Radio Astronomy ， 運作方法需要電 子學知識, 電磁波傳遞與接收, 需要使用微波工程內容,, 所 以是一個十足有趣的領域。 14 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002 結論

16. 參考文獻 15 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

17. 16 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

18. 17 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002

19. 18 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2002