1. Comparison of Ground-Based Measurements and the ARCTAS Flights Over Eureka Kimberly Strong Department of Physics, University of Toronto With contributions from: C. Adams 1, R. Batchelor 1, J.R. Drummond 2, W. Daffer 3, P.F. Fogal 1, A. Fraser 1, F. Kolonjari 1, R. Lindenmaier 1, G. Manney 3, K.A. Walker 1, M.A. Wolff 1, A. Manson 4, C. Meek 4, T. Chshyolkova 4, S. Polavarapu 5, M. Reszka 5, M. Neish 1, A.Robichaud 6, J. de Grandpré 6, M. Roch 6, S. Chabrillat 7, S. Beagley 8, S. Barthlott 9, T. Blumenstock 9, F. Hase 9, J. Klyft 10, A. Strandberg 10, J. Mellqvist 10, N. O’Neill 11, D. Wunch 12, P. Wennberg 12 (1) Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON (2) Department of Physics & Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS (3) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA (4) Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, SK (5) Environment Canada, Downsview, ON (6) Environment Canada, Dorval, Quebec (7) Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium (8) Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, North York, ON (9) Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and University Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany (10) Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (11) Universite Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec (12) California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA ARC-IONS Data Workshop, 7-8 January 2009, Toronto

2. The PEARL at Eureka  Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory  Formerly Env. Canada’s Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory  Run by the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC) since August 2005  Three facilities: PEARL ridge lab, ØPAL, and SAFIRE  Located on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (80°N, 86°W)  15 km from Eureka Weather Station  1100 km from North Pole

3. PEARL Research Themes  PEARL research is divided into four themes:  Arctic Troposphere Transport and Air Quality  The Arctic Radiative Environment  Impacts of Clouds, Aerosols and Diamond Dust  Middle Atmospheric Chemistry in the Arctic  Waves and Coupling Processes  Other significant research activities  Satellite Validation  Sudden Events Tobias Kerzenmacher

4. PEARL Instruments PEARL  Stratospheric Ozone Lidar  Bruker 125HR FTS  UV-Visible Spectrometer  Michelson Wind Interferometer (ERWIN)  Spectral Imaging Interferometer (SATI)  All Sky Imager  Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS)  Cimel Sun Photometer  Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI)  Meteorological instruments  Brewer Spectrophotometer (EC) ØPAL  Millimeter Cloud Radar  High Spectral Resolution Lidar  Meteor Radar  Polar Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (P-AERI)  Microwave H 2 O radiometer  Tropospheric Ozone Lidar  Rayleigh/Mie/Raman Lidar  Cimel Sun Photometer  Precipitation Sensor Suite SAFIRE  VHF radar  BSRN  Flux Tower Green = currently installed Blue = “guest instrument”

5. Science Questions  What is the chemical composition of the Arctic stratosphere above PEARL?  How and why is it changing with time?  How is it coupled to dynamics, microphysics, and radiation?  What is the polar stratospheric bromine budget?  Significant source of uncertainty  BrO + ClO cycle estimated to contribute up to half chemical loss  How will the polar stratosphere respond to climate perturbations?  Particularly while Cl and Br loading is high  How will changes in atmospheric circulation affect polar ozone?  Cooling (more ozone depletion) or warming (less)? Arctic Middle Atmosphere Chemistry

6. UV-Visible Spectrometer  New PEARL-GBS instrument installed in August 2006  Side-by-side with UT-GBS instrument (10 th Arctic campaign)  Recently installed sun-tracker for multi-axis scanning and direct solar observations  greater tropospheric sensitivity  Daily automated zenith-sky measurements  O 3, NO 2, BrO, OClO columns 2008 Clive Midwinter 2008 1999 2001 2007 2008 2006 2008 2006

7. First Two Years of O 3 and NO 2 C. Adams, A. Fraser Day 2006Day 2007Day 2008 Vortex over Eureka NO 2 decreases in Fall as sunlight decreases. NO 2 recovers in Spring (complicated by vortex dynamics).

8. PEARL Bruker FTS  PEARL Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier Transform Spectrometer installed July 2006  Daily semi-automated solar infrared absorption measurements  Need direct sun - late February to late October  Solar tracker  High spectral resolution (up to 0.0024 cm -1 )  InSb and MCT detectors, KBr beamsplitter  Vertical profiles and columns retrieved using optimal estimation (SFIT2 v3.92c)  Reactive species, source gases, reservoirs, dynamical tracers  O 3, NO, NO 2, HNO 3, ClONO 2, HCl, OClO, HF, N 2 O, CFCs, CO, CH 4, C 2 H 6, HCN, OCS, CO 2,...

9. The First Two Years of FTS Data O 3 HF a tracer HCl chlorine reservoir ClONO 2 chlorine reservoir HNO 3 nitrogen reservoir Red boxes indicate spring 2007 & spring 2008 R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier

10. Spring 2007 FTS Data O 3 HCl chlorine reservoir HF a tracer HNO 3 nitrogen reservoir ClONO 2 chlorine reservoir sPV 2007: The vortex was above Eureka for a large part of the campaign. R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier; sPV data - G. Manney & W. Daffer; PV plot - A. Dornbrack & ECMWF

11. Spring 2008 FTS Data O 3 HCl chlorine reservoir HF a tracer HNO 3 nitrogen reservoir ClONO 2 chlorine reservoir sPV 2008: Sudden stratospheric warming in mid-February and very little vortex activity above Eureka during March Mar 13 Mar. 13

12. IASOA = International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere NDACC = Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change IASOA and NDACC Stations Eureka, Canada Tiksi, Russia Alert, Canada Summit, Greenland, Denmark Ny Alesund, Svalbard, Norway Alomar, Norway Barrow, Alaska, USA Thule Kiruna Poker Flat Harestua Eureka Ny Alesund

13. Other Arctic FTS Stations  Six NDACC FTS instruments are located north of 60º  Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change  Poker Flat, Kiruna, Harestua, Ny Alesund, Thule, Eureka R. Batchelor Kiruna: S. Barthlott, T. Blumenstock, F. Hase Harestua: J. Klyft, A. Strandberg, J. Mellqvist

14. Days 1 to 100, 2007 Data and movie by Chris Meek (U. Sask) A. Manson, C. Meek, T. Chshyolkova Spring 2007 Arctic Vortex Polar vortex edge at 600 K (~22 km) identified using Q diagnostic  a measure of the rotation and strain in a wind field Eureka Ny Alesund Thule Kiruna Poker Flat Harestua

15. The First Two Years of FTS Data CO C 2 H 6 HCN CH 4 N 2 O Tropospheric Species R. Batchelor, R. Lindenmaier

16. CO abundances from 0 to 10 km. CO is a well known trace-gas indicator of smoke C 2 H 6 (another smoke indicator) was well correlated with CO and is not shown. April 12, 2008 Sunphotometer data: Norm O’Neill (U Sherbrooke), FTS data: Rebecca Batchelor April 2008 Smoke Event: Sunphotometer OD and Bruker FTS CO

17. Photos courtesy of Rich DeVall, Environment Canada NASA DC-8 and P-3 spiral over Eureka, April 8 2008 1600Z Plots by Debra Wunch, Caltech/JPL DC-8 Flight Path

18. MIR measurements NIR measurements 7880 cm -1 O 2 Band 6220 cm -1 CO 2 Band Measurements by Rebecca Batchelor U of Toronto Trial Near IR Measurements  8 April 2008 tests during ARCTAS campaign - NASA DC-8 and P-3 research aircraft flew spirals over Eureka  Used CaF 2 beamsplitter and InSb detector (not standard TCCON configuration)

19. Plots and analysis by Debra Wunch, Caltech/JPL April 5, 2008 trial measurements Eureka Near IR - Example Fit

20. Plots and analysis by Debra Wunch, Caltech/JPL April 8, 2008

21. IPY: Models and Measurements “To have any hope of understanding the current global climate and what might happen in future the science community needs a better picture of conditions at the poles and how they interact with and influence the oceans, atmosphere and land masses. Existing climate models do not work well in the polar regions...” IPY website http://classic.ipy.org/about/what-is-ipy.htmhttp://classic.ipy.org/about/what-is-ipy.htm  Special IPY model runs have been produced for 2007/2008  Comparing measurements to models allows us to assess how well these model runs are simulating conditions near the poles  Models can be used to help interpret measurements  dynamically versus chemically  in relation to the Arctic as a whole

22. IPY Data Assimilation Models  The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model – Data Assimilated (CMAM-DA)  96 x 48 points covering the globe, with 71 layers from the troposphere (high resolution) to the mesosphere (3 km resolution)  Stratospheric gas phase chemistry  Tropospheric methane chemistry only  3D-Var FGAT assimilation of meteorological fields  Environment Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale stratospheric model, run with the BIRA (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) online chemistry package (GEM-BACH)  1.5 degree (240 x 120) resolution, 80 levels with a lid at 0.1 hPa  A hybrid model, with the benefits of meteorological assimilation from GEM-Meso-Strato and the advantages of an online chemistry package executed every time step  3D-Var FGAT assimilation of meteorological fields

23. Stratospheric N 2 O Comparisons GEM-BACH CMAM-DA Excellent agreement for both GEM-BACH and CMAM-DA R. Batchelor Model data provided by the GEM-BACH and CMAM teams.

24. Stratospheric O 3 Comparisons GEM-BACH CMAM-DA Excellent agreement for both GEM-BACH and CMAM-DA R. Batchelor Model data provided by the GEM-BACH and CMAM teams.

25. Summary  PEARL site is now well established at Eureka  First two years of data from UV-visible & FTS instruments  Measurements of O 3, CO, CO 2, BrO, and other gases during spring 2008 ARCTAS campaign  Analysis and interpretation is ongoing  Spring measurements require careful interpretation  Polar vortex dynamics tend to dominate observed concentrations  IPY meteorologically assimilated models GEM-BACH and CMAM-DA generally do  A good job of reproducing stratospheric chemistry  A very good job of reproducing stratospheric dynamics  Other model and satellite comparisons underway  GEOS-Chem, SLIMCAT, KASIMA, ACE, AIRS, Aura,...

26. Acknowledgements  CANDAC and PEARL are supported by  AIF/NSIRT, CFCAS, CFI, CSA, EC, GOC-IPY, MRI, MSC, NSERC, OIT, PCSP, SEARCH  The Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaigns are supported by  CSA, EC, NSERC, NSTP, CGCS  Logistical and operational support at Eureka is provided by  CANDAC/PEARL Principal Investigator James R. Drummond  PEARL Site Manager Pierre Fogal  The CANDAC operators  The wonderful team at EC’s Weather Station  The GEM-BACH and CMAM-DA teams  The EU projects GEOMON and SCOUT-O3  NASA and ARCTAS