1. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19-2 19 Optical Instruments

2. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19-3

3. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19-4

4. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19-5

5. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Camera Slide 19-14

6. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Focusing a Camera Slide 19-15

7. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A digital image is made up of millions of pixels. Digital Cameras A CCD chip records the digital image. Slide 19-16

8. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Human Eye Slide 19-17

9. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Focusing and Accommodation Slide 19-18

10. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Refractive Power Slide 19-19 The refractive power of a lens of focal length f is the inverse of that focal length. The unit of refractive power is meters -1, or diopters Eyeglasses are measure in units of diopters, positive or negative

11. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyperopia Slide 19-20 Example for a person who can only focus at 1.5 meters away Need to create a virtual image at 1.5 meters 3.3m -1 = 3.3 diopters

12. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Myopia Slide 19-21 To correct nearsightedness, need to create a virtual image of an object that is at infinity that appears to be at 2.0 meters distance, the far point of the person’s vision.

13. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Apparent Size Slide 19-22

14. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Magnifier Largest angular size without a magnifier is With a magnifier, the angular size is The magnification is thus Slide 19-23

15. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Microscope Slide 19-24

16. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Maya performs light microscopy Slide 19-34

17. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Microscope Slide 19-25

18. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Telescope Slide 19-26

19. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Color and Dispersion Slide 19-27

20. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chromatic Aberration Slide 19-30

21. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Resolution and the Wave Nature of Light Slide 19-31

22. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Two objects are resolvable if their angular separation is greater than Rayleigh’s Criterion Slide 19-32

23. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Resolution of a Microscope Slide 19-33

24. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Rainbows Slide 19-28

25. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lens Aberrations: Spherical Aberration The Hubble space telescope originally suffered from spherical aberration. Slide 19-29

26. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Very Large Telescope – a four telescope array “The light beams are combined in the VLTI using a complex system of mirrors in underground tunnels where the light paths must be kept equal to distances less than 1/1000 mm over a hundred metres. With this kind of precision the VLTI can reconstruct images with an angular resolution of milliarcseconds, equivalent to distinguishing the two headlights of a car at the distance of the Moon.”

27. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Center of the Milky Way Region near supermassive black hole

28. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Optical and Electron Micrographs of e. coli Slide 19-34

30. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Beam of electrons, collimated, scanned over specimen in a vacuum Backscattered electrons are collected, used to determine image

32. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Creepy nasty bugs shown under SEM

34. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Passes electrons through the specimen

35. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Electron Diffraction Images

36. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chandra X-Ray Observatory Focuses X-Rays by glancing them off hyperbolic surfaces

37. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chandra X-Ray Observatory Image Colliding galaxies with supermassive black holes

38. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Porro prism and roof prism binocular designs

39. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stage lighting Compact near-point light source Computer controlled filters, masks, altazimuth mount Light 230 watt Light angle down to 2.25º

40. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Solar Architecture and Engineering

41. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Passive solar homes accept or reject sunlight to control climate

42. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Dimetrodons probably used their “sails” for solar heating

43. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cliff dwellings are early solar homes – Made desert life cool

44. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Atomic force microscopy These are individual atoms

45. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Near Field Microscopy – Bypassing the Rayleigh Limit

46. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 1. The units of refractive power are A.watts. B.m 2. C.m –1. D.joules. Slide 19-6

47. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 1. The units of refractive power are A.watts. B.m 2. C.m –1. D.joules. Slide 19-7

48. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 2.Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to A.focus on both nearby and distant objects. B.move in the eye socket to look in different directions. C.see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light. D.see both in air and while under water. Slide 19-8

49. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 2.Accommodation of the eye refers to its ability to A.focus on both nearby and distant objects. B.move in the eye socket to look in different directions. C.see on both the brightest days and in the dimmest light. D.see both in air and while under water. Slide 19-9

50. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 3.The magnification of a microscope is increased when A.the focal length of the objective lens is increased. B.the focal length of the objective lens is decreased. C.the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. D.the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is decreased. Slide 19-10

51. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 3.The magnification of a microscope is increased when A.the focal length of the objective lens is increased. B.the focal length of the objective lens is decreased. C.the focal length of the eyepiece is increased. D.the distance between the objective lens and eyepiece is decreased. Slide 19-11

52. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 4.The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by A.the accuracy to which lenses can be polished. B.the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors. C.the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index of refraction. D.the wave nature of light. Reading Quiz Slide 19-12

53. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 4.The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by A.the accuracy to which lenses can be polished. B.the fact that white light is composed of all visible colors. C.the fact that all types of glass have nearly the same index of refraction. D.the wave nature of light. Slide 19-13