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4.  Known technically as "antiferromagnetically-coupled (AFC) media," the new multilayer coating is expected to permit hard disk drives to store 100 billion bits (gigabits) of data per square inch of disk area by 2003  Current hard drives can store 20 gigabits of data per square inch. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

5.  Read-Rite's recording heads are the miniaturized hearts of disk drives and other magnetic storage devices. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

6. ABC D An electric current produces a magnetic field. Some materials are easily magnetized when placed in a weak magnetic field. When the field is turned off, the material rapidly demagnetizes. These are called Soft Magnetic Materials. In some magnetically soft materials the electrical resistance changes when the material is magnetized. The resistance goes back to its original value when the magnetizing field is turned off. This is called Magneto-Resistance or the MR Effect. Giant Magneto-Resistance, or the GMR Effect, is much larger than the MR Effect and is found in specific thin film materials systems. Certain other materials are magnetized with difficulty (i.e., they require a strong magnetic field), but once magnetized, they retain their magnetization when the field is turned off. These are called Hard Magnetic Materials or Permanent Magnets. Magnetic Phenomena 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

7.  Writing Heads Heads used for writing bits of information onto a spinning magnetic disk depend on phenomena A and B to produce and control strong magnetic fields.  Reading Heads Reading heads depend on phenomena A, B, and C, and are sensitive to the residual magnetic fields of magnetized storage media (D).  Storage Media Magnetic storage media are permanently magnetized in a direction (North or South) determined by the writing field. Storage media exploit phenomenon D. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

11.  Computers store data on a rotating disk in the form of binary digits  These bits are converted into an electric current waveform that is delivered by wires to the writing head coil.  a one bit corresponds to a change in current polarity, while a zero bit corresponds to no change in polarity of the writing current. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

13.  recording heads read magnetic data with magnetically sensitive resistors called Spin Valves  GMR/Spin Valve heads are placed in close proximity to a rotating magnetized storage disk. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

14.  When a current is passed through the GMR element, changes in resistance and hence voltage voltage changes occur.  combined signal and noise from a GMR reader are sent via wires to the disk-drive electronics for decoding the time sequence of pulses (and spaces between pulses) into binary ones and zeroes. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

15.  As hard drives become capable of storing more information and accessing it at faster speeds, their data becomes more susceptible to corruption. This data-density barrier is known as the superparamagnetic effect (or SPE). 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

16.  Hard drive resembles a small record player that's capable of stacking its disks, or platters, to hold up to eight of them at a time.  Each platter is covered with a magnetic film that is ingrained with tiny particles called bits. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

17.  When a read-write head passes over the bits, it either magnetically aligns the particles to record information or it reads them in order to access previously-stored data. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

18.  SPE destabilizes the 0 or 1-orientation of magnetic bits, resulting in corruption of stored data. When the energy in the bits' atoms approaches the thermal energy around them, the bits start randomly switching between 0's and 1's.  SPE makes bits flip out.  The superparamagnetic effect originates from the shrinking volume of magnetic grains that compose the hard-disk media, in which data bits are stored as alternating magnetic orientations. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

19.  Signal/Noise ~ N 0.5 where N is the number of media grains per bit.  At smaller grain volumes, grains can randomly reverse thair magnetisation direction, resulting in an exponential decay whose rate strongly depends on temperature. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

20. data density of about 10 gigabits/inch2 with an average grain diameter of about 13 nanometers. a data density of 25 gigabit/inch2 with an average grain diameter of about 8.5 nanometers. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

21.  is expected to extend the lifetime of longitudinal magnetic recording technology.  Afc media differ from the conventional media by their structure and functionality. Conventional recording media have one or more magnetic layers, which may be coupled ferromagnetically to each other. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

22.  there are at least two magnetic layers, but the magnetic layers are coupled antiferromagnetically.  In comparison to conventional media, AFC media exhibit similar or better recording performance. But, at the same time, AFC media show much improved thermal stability, which makes them attractive. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

23.  based on adding extra energy in the form of antiferromagnetic coupling to stabilize the bits.  AFC media is a multi-layer structure in which two magnetic layers are separated by an extraordinarily thin -- just three atoms thick -- layer of the nonmagnetic metal, ruthenium. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

24.  This precise thickness of the ruthenium causes the magnetization in each of the magnetic layers to be coupled in opposite directions -- anti-parallel -- which constitutes antiferromagnetic coupling. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

27.  M r teff = M r ttop – M r tbottom  This property of the AFC media permits its overall M r t to be reduced -- and its data density increased -- independently of its overall physical thickness. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

32.  growth rate in the areal density of hard disk drives has been around 60-100% per year.  introduction of GMR heads made reduction in grain size and thickness of media  This thermal instability is one of the major obstacles towards achieving areal densities beyond 40Gb/in2. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

33.  thermal stability of the media can be improved by choosing media materials with a higher Ku.  some additional energy to KuVwithout increasing the permanent magnetization. This condition is satisfied if we use an antiferromagnetic underlayer or some kind of antiferromagnetic coupling in the magnetic layers. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

34. Etotal = EAnis + EZeeman + EExchange + EMagnetostatic + EAnti + EThermal 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

35.  AFC media is the first dramatic change in disk drive design made to avoid the high-density data decay due to the superparamagnetic effect.  thermal stability  noise reduction in AFC Media by decreasing the anisotropy constant 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

36.  it can be made using existing production equipment at little or no additional cost, and that its writing and readback characteristics are similar to conventional longitudinal media. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

37. Desktop drives -- 400 gigabytes (GB) or the information in 400,000 books Notebook drives -- 200 GB, equivalent to 42 DVDs or more than 300 CDs IBM's one-inch Microdrive -- 6 GB or 13 hours of MPEG-4 compressed digital video (about eight complete movies) for handheld devices. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

38.  we can expect to see 400GB desktop drives and 200GB notebook drives within another year or so, according to IBM scientists. Fujitsu is using similar technology. Fujitsu's SF Media uses a recording medium made up of two magnetic layers separated by a thin layer of ruthenium. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

39.  In summary, IBM has developed and is now mass-producing a promising new disk-drive media technology based on AFC multilayers that can enable significant areal density increases while maintaining the thermal stability of recorded data. This advancement will permit magnetic hard- disk drive technology to extend far beyond the previously predicted "limits" imposed by the superparamagnetic effect. 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com

40.  www.computerworld.com  www.thefreelibrary.com  www-03.ibm.com  www.sciencedaily.com  www.extremetech.com 123seminarsonly.com email us for more reports 123seminarsonly@gmail.com