1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill CHAPTERCHAPTER TWOTWO

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill PUNISHMENTS: A Brief History Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill BanishmentHanging BeheadingImprisonment BlindingLoss of civil rights (e.g., to vote; Burial alive marry; transfer property, etc.) BurningMutilation Confiscation of propertyPublic shaming CrushingRitual cursing CrucifixionSawing asunder Destruction of offender’sScourging with thorns house or propertySlavery DrowningStoning ExileStrangulation FlayingThrown from high cliffs ANCIENT PUNISHMENTS

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill ANCIENT PUNISHMENTS Documented in: The writings of ancient Greek orators, poets, and philosophers. Ancient Hebrew history in the Bible. The first laws of early Rome, the Twelve Tables, published in 451 B.C.

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill FLOGGING (whipping) has been the most common physical punishment through the ages. Whips included: ○ The CAT-O’-NINE TAILS, which had nine knotted cords fastened to a wooden handle. ○ The Russian KNOUT, which had leather strips fitted with fish hooks). PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill BRANDING served to warn others of an offender’s criminal history. MUTILATION had a visually dramatic deterrent effect. LEX TALIONIS, the “law of retaliation.” INSTANT DEATH by beheading, hanging, or garroting, was considered merciful, and was often reserved for the nobility. PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS LINGERING DEATH was the worst fate a criminal offender could face. It typically involved intense torture (e.g., being “broken on the wheel,” whipped or flogged, or having one’s arms and legs broken) before being hanged or burned alive.

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill PHYSICAL PUNISHMENTS TORTURE sought to inflict pain, which was central to retaliatory punishments. The RACK was a machine that slowly stretched a prisoner until his or her joints separated. CORDING involved hanging a prisoner by his or her thumbs. CRUSHING used large, heavy stones. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill OTHER EARLY PUNISHMENTS Exile Transportation Public humiliation in the stocks or pillory Confinement

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill INCARCERATION The House of Correction (1550–1700) Sought to teach “habits of industry and frugality,” and a trade to every prisoner. Became informal repositories for those the community regarded as “inconvenient” (e.g., the mentally ill), irresponsible, or deviant.

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill THE EMERGENCE OF PRISONS Two main elements fueled development of prisons as we know them today: 1. A philosophical shift away from punishment of the body, toward punishment of the soul or human spirit; and 2. The passage of laws preventing imprisonment of anyone but criminals.

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill THE EMERGENCE OF PRISONS Prisons, as institutions in which convicted offenders spend time as punishment for crimes, are relatively modern. Prisons resulted from growing intellectualism in Europe and America (the Age of Enlightenment), and in reaction to the barbarism of corporal punishment.

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill William Penn (1644–1718) Influenced the “Great Act” of 1682, through which the Pennsylvania Quakers reduced capital offenses to the single crime of premeditated murder. PRISON REFORMERS

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill John Howard (1726–1790) In The State of Prisons (1777), wrote of clean, well-run institutions in which prisoners were kept busy doing productive work, and promoted the notion of reform over punishment. PRISON REFORMERS

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) In On Crimes and Punishment (1764), outlined a utilitarian approach; rejected torture as a form of punishment; advocated swift punishment for its deterrent value; and supported moderate punishment proportional to the offense. PRISON REFORMERS

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) Advocated utilitarianism, the principle that the highest objective of public policy is the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. His idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain and that the proper amount of punishment can deter crime became known as hedonistic calculus. PRISON REFORMERS © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Sir Samuel Romilly (1757–1818) Fought to “get the gentleness of the English character expressed in its laws” through reduction of the number of capital crimes under English law. His work inspired others to recognize the need for alternatives to capital punishment as a means of dealing with the majority of criminal offenders. PRISON REFORMERS

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850) Influenced the development of policing worldwide by the organizational structure he employed in establishing the London Metropolitan Police Force. Identified the fundamental functions of policing as the investigation of crime and the apprehension of criminals. PRISON REFORMERS

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Elizabeth Fry (1780–1845) Motivated by strong Quaker faith to “expose the plight of women in prison” and fight for better conditions. Believed women prisoners were more likely than men to change, and saw appeals “to the heart” as a promising approach for achieving rehabilitation. PRISON REFORMERS

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Mary Belle Harris (1874–1957) First warden of the Federal Institution for Women in Alderson, West Virginia, she advocated correctional reforms and supported the reformation ideal. Harris argued in favor of reformation, not punishment, as the primary focus of most correctional institutions/programs. PRISON REFORMERS

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill