1. Characteristics of
Industrial Waste

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Biological Characteristics
Toxicity
Organic Matter
Inorganic Matter
Measurement of Organic Compound

3. Biodegradable organics
WW constituents
Suspended solid
Biodegradable organics
pathogens
nutrients
Priority pollutant
Refractory organics
Heavy metals
Dissolved inorganics

4. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Total Solids
Odors
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Temperature
Turbidity
Color

5. Total Solids (TS) Sludge is solids removed from WW during treatment.
TS content
Floating matter
Solids that are treated further are term biosolids
Settleable matter
Total Solids (TS)
Colloidal matter
Matter in solution
Solid classification
Total Solids (TS)
Mass remaining after a WW sample has been evaporated at 103–105 C
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Mass remaining on Whatman GF/C after drying at 105 C
After WW sample has been filtered, the preweighted filter paper is
placed in an aluminium dish for drying before weighing.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Solid that pass through the filter, & are then evaporated at specific temp.
Contains a high fraction of colloidal solids.
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)
Solid that can be volatilized & burned off when the TSS are ignited at
C.
Please refer Table 2-4 in your textbook(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

6. Analysis of solids data
The following test results were obtained for a WW sample at the headwork to a WW-treatment plant. All of the tests were performed using a sample size of 50 mL. Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The samples used in the solid analysis were all either evaporated, dried or ignited to constant weight.
Tare mass of evaporating dish = g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105oC = g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = g
Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105oC = g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105oC = g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550oC = g
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

7. SOLUTION
Determine TS
Determine TSS

8. SOLUTION
Determine VSS
Determine TDS

9. turbidity
A measure of the light-transmitting properties of water due to the presence of colloidal & residual suspended matter
Measurement based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by a sample to the light scattered by a reference suspension under the same conditions.
Turbidity
Unit Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
Colloidal matter will scatter or absorb light and this prevent its transmission.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

10. color
Refer to degree of absorption of light energy in visible spectrumm (400 – 700 nm)
light
Fresh WW color light brownish-gray
Color
Then changes to gray, dark gray & black color due to the formation of metallic sulfide (sulfide produced under anaerobic conditions)
When the color of the WW is black, the WW is often described as septic

11. temperature
Temp. of WW >>Temp. of local water supply due to the addition of warm water from households and industrial activities.
light
Very important because of its effect on chemical reaction & reaction rates, aquatic life & suitability of the water for the beneficial uses
Temperature
At high temp.
Foster the growth of undesirable water plants & WW fungus
O2 is less soluble in warm water
High mortality rate of aquatic life
Increase in rate of biochemical reactions, thus decrease the quantity of oxygen present in surface waters.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

12. odors
of organic matter or by substance added to the WW.
Caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter or by substance added to the WW.
Odors
light
Industrial WW may contain odorous compounds or compounds that produce odors during the process of WW treatment.
Effect of odors
Vomitting
Caused poor appetite for food
H2S toxic at elevated concentration
Lowered water consumption
Can create psychological stress on human being at low concentration
High mortality rate of aquatic life
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

13. Chemical characteristics
Organic matter
Inorganic matter
Measurement of organic compound

14. Chemical characteristics
-inorganic matter-
Most of water contain
light
Amount presence cause by
Natural source:Leaching of chloride-containing rocks and soil with which the water comes in contact
Chlorides
Pollution from sea water/ agricultural/ industrial/ domestic WW
Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L noticeable taste
Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L chloride
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
(Davis & Cornwell, 2008)

15. Chemical characteristics
-inorganic matter-
Essential to the growth of microorganisms, plants & animals (known as nutrients)
light
Because of N2 is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein, N2 data will be required to evaluate the treatability of WW by biological processes.
Nitrogen
Insufficient N2 can necessitate the addition of N2 to make the waste treatable.
Where control of algal growths in the receiving water is necessary, removal or reduction of N2 in WW prior to discharge may be desirable.
Total N2 is comprised of organic N2, ammonia, nitrite & nitrate
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

16. Chemical characteristics
-inorganic matter-
light
Phosphorus is also essential to the growth of algae and other biological organisms.
Phosphorus
Orthophosphate
Forms of Phosphorus
Polyphosphate
Should be controlled
Municipal WW – 4-16 mg/L
Organic Phosphate
light
required in the synthesis of protein, released in their degradation
Sulfate is reduced biologically under anaerobic conditions to sulfide, which in turn can combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
Sulfur
The accumulated H2S can then be oxidized biologically to sulfuric acid, which is corrosive to steel pipes and equipment.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

17. Chemical characteristics
-inorganic matter-
Common gases in WW – N2, O2, CO2, H2S, NH3 and CH4
light
Formed by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter containing sulfur or from reduction of mineral sulfites and sulfates
H2S
Is toxic
light
The principal byproduct from the anaerobic decomposition for the organic matter in WW
Methane
light
Is a colorless, odorless & combustible in hydrocarbon of high fuel value
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

18. Chemical characteristics
-inorganic matter-
The trace quantities of many metals such as cadmium (Cd), cronium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) & zinc (Zn) are important constituents of most waters.
Many of these metals are classified as priority pollutants
Metals
Most of these metals are necessary for growth of biological life (absence of sufficient quantities of them could limit growth of algae)
Are toxic in excessive quantities.
Refer Table 2-14 and 2-15 in textbook for source of heavy metals and discharge limits
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

19. Chemical characteristics
-organic matter-
Carbohydrates
(25 – 50 %)
Protein
(40 – 60 %)
Fats & oil
(8 – 12 %%)
Principle group
Organic compounds
Small amount
Surfactants
Volatile organic compounds
Pesticides

20. Small amouNt of organic matter in ww
OIL & grease
Origin in WW from butter, margarine, vegetables fats & oil.
They also obtained nuts, cereals & some fruits.
Oil & grease
They float & interfere with biological treatment process & also cause maintenance problem.
Small amouNt of organic matter in ww
Surfactants or surface-active agents are large organic molecules, slightly soluble in WW & cause foaming in WW treatment plants
Surfactants
Priority pollutants were selected on the basis of their known or suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, or high acute toxicity.
Priority Pollutants
Many of the organic priority pollutants are classified as volatile compounds (VOCs)

21. Small amouNt of organic matter in ww
Organic compounds that have a boiling point ≤ 100 C and/or a vapor pressure > 1mm Hg at 25C are generally considered to be VOCs (e.g. vinyl chloride)
VOCs
Are great concern because:
Once such compounds are in the vapor state are much more mobile, therefore more likely to be released to the environment.
The presence of some of these compound in atmosphere may pose a significant public health risk
They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, which can lead to the formation of photochemically oxidants.
Are toxic to many organism and can be significant contaminants of surface waters.
Pesticides

22. MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be divided into 2;
To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1.0 mg/L
To measure trace conc. in the range of to 100 mg/L
Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter (typically greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater include;
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC)
Complementing of these laboratory tests is the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic matter.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

23. Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
The most widely used parameter of organic pollution
5-day BOD (BOD5) – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used
by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of
organic matter.
BOD test results are used to;
Determine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to
biologically stabilize the organic matter present.
Measure the efficiency of some treatment process
Determine the size of waste treatment facilities.
Determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits.
BOD at 20oC for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in incubation at 20oC).
Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after incubation.
BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)

24. Calculation of bod
when the dilution water is not seeded (e.g. untreated WW);
BOD (mg/L) = D1 – D2 P
when the dilution water is seeded;
BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D2)- (B1 – B2) f
where,
D1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample immediately after preparation (mg/L)
D2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 5days incubation at 20oC (mg/L)
B1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation (mg/L)
B2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation (mg/L)
f = fraction of seeded dilution water volume in sample to seeded dilution
water volume in control
P = fraction of WW sample volume used to total combined volume

25. Exercise : Calculation of BOD
The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD test conducted on a wastewater sample. 15mL of the waste sample was added directly into 300mL incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 1.9mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9.1 and 7.9 respectively. What is the 5-day BOD (BOD5) of the wastewater sample?
f = [(300-15) / 300] = 0.95
P = 15/300 = 0.05
Ans : mg/L

26. modeling of bod reaction
is assumed to obey first-order kinetics
Integrating between the limits of UBOD & BODt and t=0 and t=t,
Where,
BODr = amount of waste remaining at time t (days) expressed in oxygen
equivalents (mg/L)
k = first-order reaction rate constant (1/d)
UBOD = ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L)
t = time (d)

27. modeling of bod reaction, cont’
Typical value of k1 for untreated WW = 0.23d-1
To determine the reaction constant , k at Temp. other than 20oC,
(T = 20 to 30oC)
(T = 4 to 20oC)
(often quoted in literature)

28. Example : Calculation of BOD SOLUTION :
Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate first-stage BOD for a wastewater whose
5-day 20oC BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant k (base e)=0.23d-1. What
would have been the 5-day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25oC?
Ans : UBOD = 293 mg/L,
BOD1=60.1 mg/L
BOD5=224 mg/L
SOLUTION :
Determine the UBOD
Determine the 1-day BOD
Determine the 5-d BOD at 25 C

29. Solution: Determine the ultimate carbonaceous BOD
2) Determine the 1-day BOD
3) Determine the 5-day BOD at 25°C

30. Limitations in the bod test
A high concentration of active, acclimated seed
bacteria is required.
Pretreatment is needed when dealing with toxic
wastes, and the effects of nitrifying organisms must
be reduced.
Only the biodegradable organics are measured.
The test does not have stoichiometric validity after
the soluble organic matter present in solution has
been used.
Long period of time is required to obtain results.

31. COD of organic matter or by substance added to the WW.
To measure the oxygen equivalent of the organic material in WW that can be oxidized chemically using strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution)
COD
Many organic substances can be oxidized chemically compared to oxidized biologically (Example: lignin)
Higher than UBOD because
Inorganic substances that are oxidized by the dichromate increase the apparent organic content of sample
Certain organic substances may be toxic to the microorganisms used in the BOD test
Advantage:
COD test can be completed in 2.5 h
The dichromate can react with the inorganic substance
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

32. Differences between bod & cod
Measures biodegradable organics
Measures biodegradable and non biodegradable organics
Uses oxidizing microorganism
Uses a strong chemical agent
Affected by toxic substance
Not affected
Affected by temperature
5 days incubation
2.5 hrs
Accuracy + 10%
Accuracy + 2%

33. Total organic carbon (TOC)
To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous sample.
The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other means.
TOC
TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values.
TOC test can be completed in 5-10 min.

34. Theoretical oxygen demand (T Od)
ThOD is the stoichiometric amount of O2 required to oxidize completely a given compounds
ThOD
It can only be evaluate when chemical formula of organic matter is available (with related assumptions).

35. Example : Calculation of ThOD
Determine the ThOD for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH) using the following
assumption;
If the 1st step, the organic carbon & nitrogen are converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3), respectively
In the 2nd and 3rd steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite and nitrate.
The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps.
Ans : ThOD= 112 g O2/mol glycine.

36. solution : Calculation of ThOD
Write a balanced reaction for the carbonaceous oxygen demand.
Write balanced reaction for the nitrogeneous oxygen demand:
i) nitrite (HNO2)
ii) nitrate (HNO3)
c) Determine the ThOD = Sum of the oxygen required for all three steps.
Ans : ThOD= 112 g O2/mol glycine.

37. Example : Page 97 (Textbook)
DETERMINATION OF BOD/COD, BOD/TOC & TOC/COD RATIOS
Determine the theoretical BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD ratios for
The following compound C5H7NO2 (MW=113). Assume the value of the BOD first-order. Reaction rate constant is 0.23/d
Ans : BOD/COD = 0.68
BOD/TOC = 1.82
TOC/COD = 0.37
SOLUTION :
Determine the COD
Write a balanced reaction for Carbonaceous oxygen demand
b) Determine the BOD of the compound
Determine the TOC of the compound
Determine the ratios required.

38. Biological characteristics
General classification of microorganisms found in surface water & WW
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Simplest
Cell structure
Complex
Absent
Nuclear membrane
present
Bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacter) & archaea
Representative members
Plants & animals & single-celled organisms (protozoa, fungi & green algae)

39. Extremely heavy diarrhea, dehydration Cryptosporidium parvum
Pathogenic organisms found in WW may be excreted by human beings & animals who are infected with disease or who are carries a particular infectious disease.
Pathogenic organisms
Organism
Disease
Symptoms
Salmonella
Salmonellosis
Food poisoning
Salmonella Typhi
Typhoid fever
High fever, diarrhea
Vibrio cholera
cholera
Extremely heavy diarrhea, dehydration
Cryptosporidium parvum
cryptosporidiosis
Diarrhea
Cyclospora cayetanensis
cyclosporasis
Severe diarrhea, stomach cramps,nausea & vomitting lasting for extended periods
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Mild to severe diarrhea, nausea,indigestion
Taenia saginata
Taeniasis
Beef tapeworm
Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm
Hepatitis A virus
Infectious hepatitis
Bacteria
Protozoa
Helminths
Viruses

40. toxicity
light
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism.
toxicity
Can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as
Animal
Bacterium
Plant

41. Toxicity test Toxicity test are used to;
Assess the suitability of environmental conditions for aquatic life
Establish acceptable receiving water concentrations for conventional
parameter such as DO, pH, temp. or turbidity.
Study the effects of water quality parameters on wastewater toxicity.
Determine the effectiveness of wastewater-treatment method.
Assess the degree of wastewater treatment needed to meet water
pollution control requirement.
Determines compliance with federal & state water quality standard
and water quality criteria.
Establish permissible effluent discharge rate