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Chapter: Interactions of Life
Table of Contents Chapter: Interactions of Life Section 1: Living Earth Section 2: Populations Section 3: Interactions Within Communities
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The Biosphere 1 Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life is
Living Earth 1 The Biosphere Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life is
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The Biosphere 1 Different environments = different organisms
Living Earth 1 The Biosphere Different environments = different organisms
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Life on Earth 1 Earth - just right for life.
Living Earth 1 Life on Earth Earth - just right for life. Mercury - too hot during the day and too cold at night Venus – too hot Mars - colder than Earth farther from Sun thinner atmosphere.
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Living Earth 1 Ecosystems Ecosystem - all the living and nonliving parts of an environment
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Living Earth 1 Ecosystems Ecology - study of interactions between organisms and their environments. Ecologists - scientists who study Ecology
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Living Earth 1 Populations Population - all organisms of the same species that live in an area at the same time.
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Living Earth 1 Populations Community - all the populations of species living in an ecosystem.
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Living Earth 1
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Habitat - place where an organism lives
Living Earth 1 Habitat - place where an organism lives Provides: Food Shelter Temperature Moisture
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Section Check 1 Question 1 Earth’s _____ includes the top part of Earth’s crust, all the waters covering Earth’s surface, and the atmosphere surrounding Earth. A. biosphere B. carrying capacity C. ecosystem D. limiting factor
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Section Check 1 Answer The correct answer is A. The biosphere is defined as the part of Earth that supports life and living things.
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Section Check 1 Question 2 This illustration can be used to represent a forest community because it _______.
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A. shows birds gathering twigs to make nests.
Section Check 1 A. shows birds gathering twigs to make nests. B. shows clouds representing rainfall. C. shows deer grazing on grass. D. shows many different populations living together.
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Section Check 1 Answer The correct answer is D. A community includes the populations of all species that live in a particular ecosystem. The illustration shows populations of deer, blue birds, and various species of plants.
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Section Check 1 Question 3 What kind of scientist would study how bison grazing on prairie grass affect the grasshoppers that lived in the prairie? Answer Ecologists study interactions that occur among organisms and their environment.
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Populations 2 Food, Water, and Space Competition occurs when two or more organisms seek the same resource at the same time.
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Growth Limits 2 Competition limits population size
Can occur between the same species or different species Population density - number of individuals of one species per a specific area.
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Populations 2 Population Size
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Measuring Populations
2 Measuring Populations 1 method - trap-mark-release.
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Populations 2 Sample Counts Use sample counts to estimate the sizes of large populations
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Populations 2 Limiting factor - anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population.
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Populations 2 Carrying capacity - largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time Click image to view movie.
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Biotic potential - highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions
Populations 2 Biotic potential - highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions
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Birth Increases population
Populations 2 Birth Increases population Death Decreases population
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Immigration Increases population
Populations 2 Immigration Increases population Emmigration Decreases population
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Populations 2
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Populations 2
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Populations 2 Exponential growth - the larger a population gets, the faster it grows.
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Populations 2
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Carrying capacity influenced by infectious diseases
Populations 2 Carrying capacity influenced by infectious diseases
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Section Check 2 Question 1 How might competition with the owl and woodpecker limit the growth of the population of the lizards shown in this illustration?
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A. there would be more competition for food
Section Check 2 A. there would be more competition for food B. there would be more competition for nesting spaces C. there would be more competition for sunlight D. there would be more competition for water
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Section Check 2 Answer The correct answer is B. All three animals use the cactus for nesting spaces. If nesting spaces are limited, the lizards may not be able to raise young and their population size will be limited.
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Section Check 2 Question 2 An ecologist measured 10 square meters of beach and counted 50 crabs. The scientist then multiplied 50 by 10 and estimated that there were 500 crabs on 100 square meters of beach. What tool was the ecologist using? A. biotic count B. capacity count C. limiting count D. sample count
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Section Check 2 Answer The correct answer is D. Sample counts are used to estimate the sizes of large populations.
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Section Check 2 Question 3 Which has the highest biotic potential, a fish that can produce 4000 eggs a year or one that can produce 20 eggs a year? Answer The fish that can produce 4000 eggs a year has the highest biotic potential. Biotic potential is the highest rate of reproduction under ideal conditions.
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Sun - source of energy for most life on earth
Interactions Within Communities 3 Organisms Need Energy Sun - source of energy for most life on earth
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Most contain chlorophyll
Interactions Within Communities 3 Producers - Organisms that use an outside energy source to make energy-rich molecules Most contain chlorophyll
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Consumers - organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules
Interactions Within Communities 3 Consumers - organisms that cannot make their own energy-rich molecules Obtain energy by eating other organisms
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Interactions Within Communities
3 Consumers Herbivores – eat plants
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Carnivores - eat other animals
Interactions Within Communities 3 Carnivores - eat other animals Omnivores - eat plants and animals.
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Decomposers - consume wastes and dead organisms.
Interactions Within Communities 3 Decomposers - consume wastes and dead organisms.
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Food chain - model of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
Interactions Within Communities 3 Food chain - model of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem
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Symbiosis - close relationship between species
Interactions Within Communities 3 Symbiosis - close relationship between species
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Mutualism - symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
Interactions Within Communities 3 Mutualism - symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
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Commensalism – 1 organism benefits and the other is not affected
Interactions Within Communities 3 Commensalism – 1 organism benefits and the other is not affected
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Parasitism 3 Roundworms, are common in puppies.
Interactions Within Communities 3 Parasitism Roundworms, are common in puppies. The roundworm attaches itself to the inside of the puppy’s intestine and feeds on nutrients in the puppy’s blood.
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Parasitism - 1 organism benefits but the other is harmed
Interactions Within Communities 3 Parasitism - 1 organism benefits but the other is harmed
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Niche – organism’s role in its environment
Interactions Within Communities 3 Niche – organism’s role in its environment
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Predator - consumers that capture and eat other consumers
Interactions Within Communities 3 Predator - consumers that capture and eat other consumers Prey - the organism that is captured by the predator
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Section Check 3 Question 1 Fleas often live on dogs or cats and bite them for a meal of blood. This can be harmful to the cat or dog that is bitten. What type of symbiotic relationship is this? Answer This is an example of parasitism. In this type of relationship, one organism is harmed, while the other benefits.
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Section Check 3 Question 2 How do producers that contain chlorophyll make energy rich molecules? A. they use chemosynthesis B. they use commensalism C. they use mutualism D. they use photosynthesis
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Section Check 3 Answer The correct answer is D. Green plants contain chlorophyll so that they can use the energy of the Sun for photosynthesis.
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Question 3 3 Which describes how predators affect an ecosystem?
Section Check 3 Question 3 Which describes how predators affect an ecosystem? A. decrease the number of niches in the ecosystem B. decrease the number of species in the C. increase competition among species D. limit the size of the prey population
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Section Check 3 Answer The correct answer is D. Because predators limit the prey populations, food and other resources are less likely to become scarce and competition between species is reduced.
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