1. Academic Writing for MSc dissertation students Part 2: Structure ©Dr Alison Crerar, School of Computing, Napier University, June 2004. (These slides include notes pages)

2. Academic writing structure style ethics Structure of a dissertation Linkages between sections Links and signposts Function of paragraphs Constructing an argument Logical ordering of material Tone Avoidance of ‘I’, ‘You’ sexism Use of professional vocabulary Academic conventions Care with nuances of meaning Sentence formulation Reference formatting & citations Integrity, open-mindedness Criticising kindly Ethical writing up

3. Structure > Structure of a dissertation Title page Authorship declaration Abstract Contents list List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Introduction and/or background incl. Scope & aims of the study Literature review Work conducted (e.g. requirements capture, design, implementation, evaluation) Conclusions Critical appraisal of achievement Suggestions for further work Appendices (including such things as) Project proposal Short examples of code Documents used all created (e.g. questionnaire) Relevant correspondence Sample data collected References

4. Structure > Linkages between sections A weakness commonly seen in students’ dissertations is the lack of a clear connection between the literature review and the subsequent work conducted. A good dissertation will show many backwards and forwards links. The main links should be: Between the scope and aims of the study and the literature review Between the literature review and the work conducted Between each of the elements of the work conducted Between any software developed and evaluated and the requirements phase of the work Between the conclusions and the scope and aims of the study Between the critical appraisal of achievement and the scope and aims of the study, and between the critical appraisal and the literature review. Between the suggestions for further work and the conclusions.

5. Structure > Links and signposts Explain the structure of the narrative Provide reminders of what has been covered Anticipate reader’s questions and state where they will be addressed. Following on from the review of agent-based technologies in Section 3.4… In Section 2.2. it was argued that…. The remainder of this Chapter is devoted to exploring…. Section 4.1 provides… This leads on to a… in Section 4.2… It appears from the literature that there are five main classification systems in use: these are described below in chronological order of invention. There are other possible reasons for non-participation, these are discussed in Section 6.2 below. A plausible interpretation of these results might be…..however, we examined…. and found that….

6. Structure > Constructing an argument Damage to Broca’s area in the left hemisphere of the brain leads to a form of aphasia called Broca’s aphasia or agrammatism (Ellis and Young, 1988). The distinctive features of agrammatism are ….. Starting with a general statement of the type of problem and its cause, moving to a general description of the symptoms. Whilst agrammatic production is characterised by a “telegraphic” form of speech with function words and morphological inflections omitted, asyntactic comprehension is characterised by… Patients’ comprehension of these sentences is typically evaluated using sentence-picture matching tests. In these tests the patient is presented with… Distinguishing between output (speech) and input (comprehension) deficits and then proceeding to explain how comprehension deficits (the subject of our research) are usually diagnosed. One of the earliest explanatory hypotheses for this performance pattern was that …. This hypothesis could not, however, explain the evidence later provided by …. Giving a brief account of the theoretical accounts of the symptomatology, in the order that they were postulated (so giving a feel for how the field has developed. Extracts (in order of appearance in the paper) from Beveridge, M. A. and Crerar, M. A. (2002) Remediation of asyntactic sentence comprehension using a multimedia microworld, Brain and Language, 82/3, 243-295.

7. Please, pause this slideshow at this point and do exercise 4. Structure > Logical ordering of material

8. This concludes the second part of the academic writing workshop about “structure”. In summary, the structure of a dissertation must follow a template (introduction, literature review, …). It is important that all sections have clear linkages and follow a logical ordering. Arguments within each section must be carefully constructed. The next part of the workshop covers “ethics”.