1. Global Patterns of Disease
IB Geography II
“Medical statistics will be our standard of measurement: we will weigh life for life and see where the dead lie thicker, among the workers or among the privileged.”
-Rudolf Virchow, 1848

2. Annual Incidence Report Analysis
Study table and come up with the top 3 diseases of poverty and top 3 diseases of affluence.

3. In elbow partners, discuss the following question:
To what extent do you believe disease is a consequence or a cause of poverty?

4. In elbow partners, discuss the following question:
How can we define poverty on the global scale and apply a common term when geographical diversity is so great? (Example- to be poor in an LEDC is so different from being poor in an MEDC)

5. In elbow partners, discuss the following question:
Is poverty always an “undesirable” state? Why? Why not?

6. In elbow partners, discuss the following question:
How can we understand extreme poverty (like that of LEDCs) if we have no personal experience of it?

7. Based on your reading from last night…
What are some of the potential health consequences of malnutrition?
Based on the reading, has your opinion changed on whether disease is a consequence of cause of poverty? Why or why not?

8. Objective By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
explain the global distribution of diseases of poverty.
explain the global distribution of diseases of affluence.
These objectives are also very possible exam questions! 

9. Starting Activity:
Look at the 2 maps. Without knowing what they show, do you think there is a relationship between them? Why/Why not?

11. Map1: Malnourishment
Map 2: Childhood Diarrheal Disease

12. Do you think there is a link between these 2 indicators? What is it?
Discuss in Elbow Partners

13. Key Terms: The number of cases per 10,000 population Incidence
The number of confirmed cases annually
Communicable Diseases
Infectious diseases
Non-Communicable
Non-infectious, degenerative
Vectors
Transmitters of disease, ex: insects
Prevalence

14. Don’t Forget About Epidemiological Transition
"Epidemiological transition" accounts for the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation
The epidemiological transition occurs as a country undergoes the process of modernization from developing nation to developed nation status. The developments of modern healthcare, and medicine like antibiotics, drastically reduces infant mortality rates and extends average life expectancy which, coupled with subsequent declines in fertility rates, reflects a transition to chronic and degenerative diseases as more important causes of death.

15. Global Distribution of Diseases
The chance of an individual succumbing to disease is affected by a range of factors (Many, which are affected by social inequality), including:
Where they live
Their age
Their social circumstances
Their lifestyle
Environmental factors

16. Infectious or Communicable Diseases (Diseases of Poverty)
These diseases may be contagious and transmitted through close human contact or by vectors.
They spread rapidly in the overcrowded and unsanitary conditions associated with poverty.
Common examples: malaria, HIV/AIDS, Ebola Virus, diarrheal disease

17. Diarrheal Disease… What is it?
Diarrhea that last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Most people who die from diarrhea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss.

18. Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates from Diarrheal diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants)

19. Facts on Diarrheal Disease from the World Health Organization
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old.
It is both preventable and treatable.
Can be prevented through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene.
Accounting for 9 per cent of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide.
In 2013, this translated into 1,600 young children dying each day, or about 580,000 children a year.
Most deaths from diarrhea occur among children less than 2 years of age living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Despite this heavy toll, progress is being made. From 2000 to 2013, the total annual number of deaths from diarrhea among children under 5 decreased by more than 50 per cent – from over 1.2 million to fewer than 0.6 million. Many more children could be saved through the widespread use of a simple solution of oral rehydration salts (ORS) and zinc supplementation.

20. Diarrhea Deaths

21. What is Ebola Virus Disease?
Ebola Virus is a severe and often fatal illness in humans
It is transmitted to people from wild animals and then through human-to-human transmission
Average fatality rate is around 50%
Has varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in humans.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission.
The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.

22. Ebola Cases & Deaths

23. Malaria… What is it?
Malaria is a parasitic disease that involves high fevers, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms, and anemia.

25. Malaria Deaths

26. Part 2: Diseases of Affluence

27. Non-Communicable Diseases (Diseases of Affluence)
Diseases that are more likely to result from personal lifestyle and societal conditions associated with economic development
Obesity
Diabetes
Alcohol abuse
Impacts of Tobacco use
Traditionally thought to be “western” diseases
Physical conditions for which personal lifestyle and societal conditions associated with economic development are important risk factor
Also include: asthma, coronary heart disease, cancer, gout
Becoming more prevalent in LEDCs as poverty declines, longevity increases, and lifestyles change
Modern diet and sedentary lifestyle
term sometimes given to selected diseases and other health conditions which are commonly thought to be a result of increasing wealth in a society

28. Obesity What is Obesity?
Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as a person's weight divided by height.
Obesity is defined as a value over 30
A person is overweight if their BMI is over 25

29. Obesity
Obesity is generally considered to be a disease of the wealthy, although ironically in the richest countries it is often young people living in the less well-off families who are more likely to be overweight
This is often related to diet, and the lack of exercise which some people attribute to the growth in sedentary lifestyles
It is also cheaper to feed a child with unhealthy food than it is with healthy food.

31. Obesity Key facts Worldwide, obesity has more than doubled since 1980.
In 2008, more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older were overweight.
65% of the world’s population live in countries where there are more overweight people than underweight people.
42 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2013.
Obesity is preventable.

32. OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
***UPDATE: Mexico is now the most obese and overweight of the more populous countries
***America has dropped to 31%
***Nauru (small island in the South Pacific) is the most obese country in world with 71.1% obesity rate

33. Diabetes
Diabetes affects the body’s metabolism, and involves a problem with a hormone called insulin.
It is a disease which can be partly managed by being careful with blood sugar monitoring and medication.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes can be dramatically reduced by keeping body weight below that of obesity, and avoiding particular types of food.
200 million people worldwide suffer from it.

35. Diabetes Deaths

36. Alcohol Abuse
Worldwide, 3.3 million people die every year due to harmful use of alcohol (5.9% of all deaths)
320,000 young people between the age of 15 and 29 die from alcohol-related causes per year, resulting in 9% of all deaths in that age group.
Alcohol is associated with many serious social and developmental issues, including violence, child neglect and abuse, and absenteeism in the workplace.
In general, the greater economic wealth of a country, the more alcohol is consumed and the smaller the number of abstainers
High-income countries have the highest alcohol per capita consumption (APC) and the highest prevalence of heavy episodic drinking among drinkers.
Alcohol consumption causes death and disability relatively early in life. In the age group 20 – 39 years approximately 25 % of the total deaths are alcohol-attributable.
Females are more often lifetime abstainers than males
Global deaths: 7.6% among males and 4% among females

38. Tobacco Use
As with the earlier example of obesity, we need to be careful to avoid saying that this is more likely to be associated with high income.
Cigarette advertising is now closely controlled in many countries, and there are age restrictions on the purchasing of cigarettes.

40. Smoking
In 2009, smoking among men was highest in the Western Pacific Region, with 51% of men aged 15 and above smoking some form of tobacco.
Smoking among women was highest in the European Region at 22%.
In all WHO regions except Europe, girls aged 13–15 years old are using tobacco at higher rates than women aged 15 and older.
This could be a reflection of aggressive tobacco industry marketing to girls, particularly in lower- and middle-income countries.
The high rates among girls is very concerning as these data suggest potential substantial increases for women in the near future.
The rates at which adolescent boys use tobacco average around 18% globally.