1. “The Modern World: Self and Other in Global Context” For the first time we no longer speak of one culture or another. Writers of this time period actually begin to speak to the world. It is no coincidence that René-François-Armand Prudhomme (1839–1907), a French poet and essayist, was the first person to win the international Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901.

2. Leading up to the 20 th Century’s Nihilism was the Loss of Faith in the 19 th Century Although we typically think of Christianity loosing ground in the late 20 th century, in point of fact a lot of doubt was manifesting itself during the late 19 th century and the elements coming up in the 20 th only confirmed many of these doubts. On the Origin of Species was published 1859.

3. Tennyson struggled with doubt in In Memoriam (1849) 'The stars,' she [sorrow] whispers, 'blindly run; A web is wov'n across the sky; From out waste places comes a cry, And murmurs from the dying sun: (Stanza III) 'SO careful of the type?' but no. From scarped cliff and quarried stone She [nature] cries, 'A thousand types are gone: I care for nothing, all shall go. (Stanza LVI )

4. Not Just Darwin Jean-Baptiste Lamarak’s 'Philosophie zoologique' (1809) Lyell’s 'Principles of Genealogy' (1830)

5. Mathew Arnold in “Dover Beach” The sea is calm to-night. The tide is full, the moon lies fair Upon the straits; —on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand, Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay. Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!

6. Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land, Listen! you hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, At their return, up the high strand, Begin, and cease, and then again begin, With tremulous cadence slow, and bring The eternal note of sadness in.

7. Sophocles long ago Heard it on the Aegean, and it brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery; we Find also in the sound a thought, Hearing it by this distant northern sea. The Sea of Faith Was once, too, at the full, and round earth's shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,

8. Retreating, to the breath Of the night wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night.

9. About the 20 th Century In the twentieth century, modernization was used in tandem with colonization as a means to legitimize the often forced adoption of Western concepts of "progress" in different parts of the world. As such, modernization also became a stimulus for movements that rejected "progress" in favor of "tradition."

10. In the Western world (that is, Europe and North America), modernization has meant industrialization, a refusal of positivism, and movements to redefine nationalist politics. In the non-Western world (that is, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America), modernization has generally meant Westernization in terms of technology, industry, political structures, mass culture, and other mechanisms of globalization (or neocolonialism, as it is sometimes called).

11. Define Terms: Positivism is a philosophy of science based on the view that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge, that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in scientific knowledge.

12. Modernization arrived at different speeds in different parts of the world and was received with indifference, optimism, or outright horror. Success was measured according to Western values and institutions such as individualism, capitalism, democracy, literacy (often in terms of European languages, with no consideration for older local languages), private ownership, the middle class, religious freedom, scientific method, public institutions, and the emancipation of women, all of which may or may not have been realized in the West itself—even today.

13. The First World War The effects of the First World War were evident in literature, not only in subject matter but in use of language. European writers and thinkers looked beyond models of scientific rationalism for a means of expressing knowledge of the world and lived experience that could not be apprehended by intellect alone

14. Henri Bergson's philosophy criticized scientific rationality as artificial and unreal because it froze everything in conceptual space. Sigmund Freud's invention of psycho-analysis decentered conventions of medicine and psychology by focusing on the unconscious. –Dreams, slips of the tongue, and dÈjý vu, for example, were understood as productive sites of inquiry into repressed desires and anxieties. – Language, specifically free association, became the means by which the "talking cure" was realized, which was not always an end to unhappiness, but rather an understanding of it. In the "hard" sciences of physics and mathematics,

15. Albert Einstein proposed his theory of relativity, challenging concepts of absolute motion and the absolute difference of space and time from the Newtonian model of physics. Einstein argued that reality should be understood as a four-dimensional continuum called space-time.

16. Literary and linguistic systems were seen as games Thus "pieces" (words) and "rules" (grammar, syntax, and other conventions) were combined with playfulness and sometimes with pathos to emphasize the instabilities of language. The linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein emphasized that language was connected to society and usage—not to reality. (See next plate)

17. The connection between the word cat and the domesticated feline mammal is completely arbitrary. –The mammal remains the same whether it is called chat, gato, gatto, bekku, bili, poonay, kuching, or just kitty. Writers such as Beckett, Borges, and Robbe-Grillet show that language determines how we see the world. Semiotics (the study of signs) allowed critics to examine similar games in film, television, advertising, and other cultural productions.

18. Sites Cited “Section 23: The Twentieth Century: European Modernisms.” The Norton Anthology of World Literature. http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/english/nawol //s23_overview.htm 5 April 2007. http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/english/nawol //s23_overview.htm “Dover Beach” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Beach 15 April 2008.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Beach “Marcel Proust” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proust 5 April 2007.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proust