1. Emotion and the Brain Emotion Amygdala- Ability to learn emotional associations, recognize emotional expressions, and perceive emotionally charged words. Pyramidal motor system- Voluntary facial expressions---Fake smile Extrapyramidal motor system- Facial movements associated with emotions that are involuntary---Genuine smile

2. Aphasias Neuropsychology Broca’s: production not comprehension –Grammatically incorrect Wernicke’s: comprehension not production –Word salad

3. Descriptive Statistics Research Methods Descriptive Statistics- numbers that describe and summarize a set of research data –Mode- occurs most often –Median- number in the middle (remember to numerically order the numbers; take average of two middle numbers if there are an even # of scores) –Mean- average of all the numbers –Range- difference between the highest and lowest numbers –Standard Deviation- measures the spread of the data

4. Descriptive Statistics Research Methods Correlation: the degree to which one variable is related to another (relationship between two variables) DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION –Correlation co-efficient- (r) shows the strength and direction of the relationship –Positive correlation- (+) the two variables move in the same direction—there is a direct relationship

5. Descriptive Statistics Research Methods –Negative correlation- (-) two variables move in opposite direction—there is an inverse relationship –No Correlation- (0) the two variables are not related to one another

6. Culture, Language, and Thought Language Consult Pages 316- 317 in the text Linguistic determinism- language shapes thought –Example: Snow. English language only has one word for snow; Eskimos may have multiple words for snow. So Whorf believed that Eskimos thought about snow differently. –Also refer to the color example Framing Effect- language can affect reasoning, problem solving, and decision making; thinking influenced by words used to describe situation –Example: Going to the grocery store. One box says “no added fat” and another says “15% fat”; they could easily mean the same thing.

7. Stages of Cognitive Development Lifespan Development Piagets Theory Sensorimotor Stage (birth – 2 yrs)- mental activity confined to sensory perception and motor skills –Object permanence –A not B error Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs)- begins to use symbols to represent things that are not present (words, images, and symbols represent world…..imaginary play) –Egocentrism –Animism –Conservation -irreversibility - centration

8. Stages of Cognitive Development Lifespan Development Piagets Theory Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)- a child's thinking is no longer dominated by visual appearance (understand conservation, able to reverse, simple logic) Formal Operational Stage (11+ yrs)- Abstract thinking (hypothetical (scientific) reasoning develops)

9. Approaches to Psychology Introduction Biological- Biological factors affect behavior and mental events Evolutionary- Behavior is a result of evolution and natural selection Psychodynamic- Behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts Behavioral- Behavior is the result of learning Cognitive- Thoughts and mental processes are important Humanistic- Behavior is determined by an individual’s unique thoughts and actions

10. Social Skills in Development Lifespan Development Social Skills- Are learned; being able to interact and communicate with others Empathy- the ability to know what someone else is feeling (“I know how you feel”) –Also being able to respond to a particular emotion Self regulation- ability to control emotions and feelings (counting to calm down instead of throwing a temper tantrum)

11. Reflexes Neuropsychology Definition: Involuntary, unlearned response The spinal cord directs some simple behaviors (reflexes) without instruction from the brain

12. Peripheral Nervous System Neuropsychology Peripheral Nervous System- parts of the nervous system not housed in bone. –Somatic- Transmits info from senses to the CNS and carries signals from CNS to the muscles –Autonomic- (memory gimmick- automatic) Regulates involuntary function (heart rate, BP, digestion, ect.) Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Fall under the autonomic system

13. Peripheral Nervous System Neuropsychology Sympathetic mobilizes body for action FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE Parasympathetic helps body conserve energy and calms body down after fight or flight

14. Areas of the Brain Neuropsychology See chart on page 91 of text or The handout on CAT's website

15. Students Here are some guidelines for the ten most missed questions from midterm one. Please use the lines to the right of the slide to add additional notes. Also, please beware that not every topic from the most missed is necessarily on here. Enjoy and happy studying! Anne