1. Engine Lubricants and Lubricating Systems
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2. Functions of Engine Oils
Reduce wear
Reduce friction
Seal Compression
Reduce noise
Cool engine parts
Reduce rust
Keep parts clean

3. Organizations Providing Uniform Standards for Oil
S.A.E.
Society of Automotive Engineers
A.P.I.
American Petroleum Institute
A.S.T.M.
American Society of Testing & Materials
American Automobile Manufacturers Association
Engine Manufacturers Association
I.S.O.
International Standards Organizations

4. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.

5. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.

6. Viscosity Measure of the "flowability“ Property –
Kinematic
Dynamic
Property –
Resistance to flow
Shearing stress
High viscosity - thick oils
Too high viscosity may not reach all parts
Low viscosity – thin oil
Too low viscosity may not provide enough strength to keep parts from wearing

7. Dynamic & Kinematic Viscosity

8. Kinematic Viscosity Measurement
Saybolt Viscometer
Glass capillary viscometers

9. Dynamic Viscosity Measurement
Typical Brookfield Viscometer

10. Weight of oils Common term identifying viscosity for oils
Numbers assigned by the S.A.E.
correspond to "real" viscosity, as measured by accepted techniques.
These measurements are taken at specific temperatures.
Oils that fall into a certain range are designated 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 by the S.A.E.
The W means the oil meets specifications for viscosity at 0 F and is therefore suitable for Winter use.

11. _______________________________________________________________
| |
| SAE Gear Viscosity Number |
| ________________________________________________________ |
| |75W |80W |85W| | | |
| |____|_____|___|______________|________________________| | |
| SAE Crank Case Viscosity Number |
| ____________________________ |
| |10| 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | |
| |__|_____|____|_____|______| |
______________________________________________________________
viscosity 100 degrees C

13. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.

14. Viscosity index
The measure of an oil's ability to resist changes in viscosity when subjected to changes in temperature.
As temperature increases
viscosity decreases.
Low temperatures –
High viscosity
High temperature –
Low viscosity

15. Multi-viscosity/Multi-grade Oil
Oil meeting SAE requirements for both low-temperature requirements of light oil and high-temperature requirements. Also know as multiweight oil.
Oil that meets certain low-temperature and high-temperature requirements simultaneously
(e.g., SAE l0W-40).

16. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Minimum sample temperature at which vapor is produced at a sufficient rate to yield a combustible mixture.
Pour Point
The lowest temperature at which oil will pour.
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.

17. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Percent sulfated ash
how much solid material is left when the oil burns.
A high ash content will tend to form more sludge and deposits in the engine.
Low ash content also seems to promote long valve life. Look for oils with a low ash content.
Per cent zinc.

18. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Percent zinc
the amount of zinc used as an extreme pressure, anti-wear additive.
The zinc is only used when there is actual metal to metal contact in the engine. Hopefully the oil will do its job and this will rarely occur, but if it does, the zinc compounds react with the metal to prevent scuffing and wear.
A level of 0.11% is enough to protect an automobile engine for the extended oil drain interval, under normal use.

19. Common motor oil additives
Viscosity index improvers
used to enhance the base qualities of the oil, and to keep the oil from thinning too much as heat increases.
Pour-point depressants
prevent crystals from forming in extreme cold conditions, and consequently lower the oil's pour point (temperature at which it pours).

20. Common motor oil additives
Oxidation inhibitors
help prevent the oil from oxidizing (in other words, burning). When oil oxidizes, it loses its ability to protect the engine. It also produces sludge deposits and traps corrosive acids.
Rust-corrosion inhibitors
help prevent and neutralize water and oxygen from acid-etching the metals in the engine and forming rust particles. If this corrosion were to happen, some complex acids would form and other sludge problems would occur.

21. Common motor oil additives
Dispersants
help the oil to absorb and retain contaminants such as dirt or tiny metal particles (from engine wear) until the oil passes through the oil filter, where the contaminants are trapped.
Detergents
help to remove contaminants from the engine components and hold them in the oil until it reaches a filter, or until it is changed the next time. They don't only clean up a dirty engine.

22. Common motor oil additives
Friction modifiers/wear inhibitors
"stick" to engine surfaces better, reducing friction and improving fuel economy. Oils with the "energy conserving" labels contain friction modifiers.
Foam inhibitors (Antifoamants)
prevent the oil from being whipped into many tiny air bubbles. Air bubbles don't lubricate. This also helps prevent sludge formation when the emulsion process is a possible threat in an engine.

23. Types of Motor Oils Petroleum Based Synthetic Refined from crude oil
Supplemented with additives
Synthetic
Lubricants chemically engineered from pure chemicals rather than refined from crude oil.
Can provide significant advantages over refined oils.
Longer oil change intervals
Longer engine life
Increase gas mileage
More expensive

24. What the h___ is he talking about?
Items that tell us about selecting an oil!

25. What the h___ is he talking about?
How to select an oil for different purposes.
What to look for on an oil container.

26. What Oil Should You Use

27. API “Donut”

28. Gasoline Service Classification

29. Diesel Engine Classification

30. Lubrication Systems Splash Force Feed & Splash Full Force Feed Dipper
Slinger
Force Feed & Splash
Full Force Feed

31. Splash Lubrication

32. Force Feed and Splash

33. Full Force Feed

34. Oil Pump

35. Oil pump intake screen

36. Engine Oil Degradation and Contamination
Oil thickening
Oxidation
Vaporization of lighter components
Fuel
Hydrocarbon compounds
Combustion Products
Carbon
Water
Sulphur Oxides
Fuel chemical additives
Dust and Dirt
Metal – from wear of components

37. Oil Filtration Systems
By-Pass
Full –Flow
Shunt

39. Engine Lubrication System with both by-pass and full-flow filtration

40. Two filters provide ability to filter smaller particles

41. Filter elements
Surface
Pleated paper
Metal screen
Depth
Cotton waste

42. Changing oil and filters renews engine protection
Dirty oil reduces life of an engine.
Reduce maintenance and increase engine life by changing engine oil and filters on a regularly scheduled basis.
Interval between changes depends on operating conditions.
Oil analysis provides management of oil change intervals
Recommend for fleet operations.

43. Oil Pressure – Important Sensor
Low pressure light indicator

45. Lubrication Links on the Web
Motor oils and more
Motor Oil Functions & Properties
Selecting motor oils
API Starburst and Donut
Motor Oil Additives
Lubrication Systems
Filtration Systems
Sources of oil contaminants
Filters & filter media
Synthetic oil base stocks
Synthetic oil history
Oil Analysis –
Example 1
Example 2