1. Proton Source Workshop Pre-accelerator Operations Dan Bollinger

2. Introduction Ion source fundamentals Ion source operations Haefely operations Summary Talk Outline

3. There are two Cockcroft-Walton pre-accelerators H- and I-. The need for two is redundancy. At the end of each accelerating column is a chopper that sets the accelerated beam pulse width. Since the beam coming out of the accelerating column has no bunch structure, there is a buncher prior to the entrance to tank one to provide bunched beam for acceleration in the drift tube linac (DTL). Introduction

4. Each Pre- acc consists of 2 main parts Slit aperture H- ion source Accelerating column The accelerating column typically runs at 745kV. Each accelerating gap (other than the 1 st one) has to hold off at least 100kV.

5. Negative ion source (magnetron) Source from column perspective Ion source points down. The H- is extracted and bent 90deg to enter accelerating column The ion source resides in the dome at the upstream end of the column Ref: C. Schmidt; Proton and H- sources at Fermilab Jan 31 2002

6. Negative ion source fundamentals Ref: Handbook of ion Sources; Bernard Wolf Cesium on cathode lowers work function of molybdenum (Mo) cathode to enhance H- production: Work function for Mo is 4.6eV Work function for Mo + Cs is 1.8eV Lowest work function when there is a 0.6 monolayer of Cs Cs must be used in order to get 10’s of mA of H- Source operation relies on surface plasma effect Plasma produces energetic particles that strike the cathode surface H- ions are produced by desorption or reflection from a cesium coated cathode surface Ref: C. Schmidt; Proton and H- sources at Fermilab Jan 31 2002

7. Typical Source Operating Parameters ParameterValue H- beam current50 – 60mA Arc Current45 – 55A Arc Voltage115 – 125V Extractor Voltage15 – 18kV H 2 Pressure 15 – 25  Torr (average) Cs Consumption5g/400days Rep Rate15Hz Pulse width 80  S Duty Factor0.12% Efficiency9 mA/kW The high arc current and low power efficiency contribute a large amount to the source aging and failure mechanisms. Typical source lifetime is ~ 3.5 months.

8. Typical source aging Cesium inlet hole in anode (new anode) Cesium inlet hole after source removed from operation Cathode material is deposited on anode plugging cesium inlet Cesium hydride restricting hydrogen gas inlet to source Ion source operations The high arc current causes erosion of the cathode. The cathode material ends up either depositing on the anode or flakes off. The use of cesium and hydrogen causes cesium hydride buildup.

9. Ion source operations Typical source aging Cathode erosion near anode cover plate extraction aperture Anode aperture erodes over time. This opening set the beam size coming out of the source. The emittance changes over time.

10. Gas valve pulse width knobbed earlier tin time to allow more time for the gas to flow through the valve opening as cesium hydride builds up and restricts the aperture Hydrogen pressure needs to be increased as molybdenum from the cathode blocks the cesium inlet opening Hydrogen pressure in the source finally gets high enough that electrons are stripped off the H- and the amount of extracted H- beam current goes down. Need to decrease pressure to keep the source output up. Typical source aging Ion source operations

11. Typical ion source failures Molybdenum from cathode blocks anode aperture, often cutting the beam current by 50% instantly. Molybdenum flakes can also cause a short from anode to cathode. Shown here is the arc current jumping from 50A to 90A and the H- beam current going from ~55mA to 0. Molybdenum flake restricting the anode aperture

12. 12345678 More source issues After I- column repair we were not able to get sources to run in the column. From November 2009 to February 2010 it took 8 tries to get a source to finally survive in the new column. This type of problem causes a loss of redundancy. Latest problem is the hydrogen gas valve changes with the pit/dome temp. It clearly affects the amount of beam coming out of the source.

13. Voltage multiplier Motor for generator Metering resistor Drive shaft leg Haefely controls are a mixture of 80’s and 60’s technology. There are vacuum tubes, relay logic, and stepper motor controls along with op amp circuits. Technicians that originally built and maintained this system for over 40yrs retired in 2009. Haefely Operations

14. Typical water resistor contamination HV regulation over a 2 day period 3kV envelope The Haefely HV regulation electronics are 1980’s vintage op amp circuits. They regulate the HV typically to within ± 2kV The water resistor needs to be flushed on a regular basis to maintain proper voltage drop across the accelerating column Prior to 2010 shutdown the H- column water resistor needed flushed 1/month. This is about 1hr of downtime

15. Part of the Haefely scheduled maintenance includes rebuilding the generator and drive shaft couplings every 3 years. This takes about 2 weeks. The generator brushes need to be replaced every 2 to 3 weeks. This is about 45min of downtime. I- drive shaft couplings had to be rebuilt twice. This process took about 3 weeks. Haefely maintenance

16. The 2009 failure of the I- accelerating column left us without any redundancy for over 3 months. Recent Haefely problems HV regulation became unstable after event $21 were placed in the timeline. The line voltage varied by ~ 1eV causing the regulation card to over react. Took over 2 weeks to re-adjust the regulation card for stable running. The anode power supplies have had several recent fan failures which causes damage to the supply.

17. Misc. routine maintenance Ion pumps for the accelerating column need rebuilding every 1 to 2 years Quad magnets in the accelerating column need to be flushed due to over heating problems. Haefely pit AC unit needs a fair amount of maintenance due to age. Pit humidifier needs repair ~1/season

18. Summary The magnetron ion source lifetime is mostly due to the low power efficiency causing the cesium inlet to clog with cathode material, along with anode aperture restrictions and cathode/anode shorts. The fact that cesium and hydrogen are need for the source causes the hydrogen inlet to become restricted with cesium hydride. There is still much that is unknown about negative ion source operation. Failures of the Haefely systems put us at a significant risk due to the loss of redundancy for extended periods of time. The Haefely requires extensive maintenance for continuous operation. The retirement of the skilled technicians that originally built and maintained the Cockcroft-Walton accelerators for over 40yrs has left us vulnerable to significant downtime in the future if there is a major Haefely failure.

19. Back up slides

20. I- column repair 1 st time new column has been built in over 25yrs !! Ceramic severely damaged New column built on site Column pulled off of wall New column has been installed and conditioned to 760kV

21. Current H- extraction/acceleration scheme. Dome sits at -750kV and H- is extracted out of the source at 12 to 18kV. We need to run with ~50A of arc current to get 50mA of H- beam current. The efficiency is on the order of 9mA/kW Proposed H- extraction/acceleration scheme. The acceleration voltage is the extraction voltage. This is very efficient at pulling H- out of the source. So, we should only need to run with ~ 15A of arc current. This leads to a power efficiency of 67mA/kW. The lower power being dumped into the source should increase the longevity of the source. Proposed ion source configuration

22. Work functions Tungsten could be used for cathode material

23. Entrance to tank 1 emittance while on the H- source

24. H- source ion pump problems Ion pump out gassing due to end of lifeOut gassing affects on source operation Increases in gas pressure perturbs feedback loops Instabilities in source take fair amount of time to recover from Increasing frequency and magnitude of ion pump out gassing near end of pump life

25. I- column failure Prior to shut down the I- column would not hold off above 500kV with out arcing over Hipot of column showed 1 accelerating gap was the problem