1. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement Criminal Investigations Part II

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are – we leave behind evidence we where there! Transfer theory demonstrates that wherever we are – we leave behind evidence we where there! Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Perhaps our fingerprints; or, Our bodies are constantly shedding cells, releasing vapor containing cells and shedding hair – we leave it everywhere Our bodies are constantly shedding cells, releasing vapor containing cells and shedding hair – we leave it everywhere

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells. Our bodies contain 100 trillion cells. Most cells contain a center piece called a nucleus. Most cells contain a center piece called a nucleus. The nuclei of our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are the biological instructions of who we are The nuclei of our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes which are the biological instructions of who we are During conception our parents contribute one half of each pair. During conception our parents contribute one half of each pair.

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Inside each chromosome there are as many as a hundred thousand pair of genes – the fundamental building blocks of our hereditary traits. Inside each chromosome there are as many as a hundred thousand pair of genes – the fundamental building blocks of our hereditary traits. There are many variations for genes, but really two classifications. There are many variations for genes, but really two classifications. General – those that identify us as humans General – those that identify us as humans Specific – those that give us individual characteristics Specific – those that give us individual characteristics

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Our genes are made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA consists of a long string of four repeating nucleotides: DNA consists of a long string of four repeating nucleotides: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Thymine (T) This long string of repeating nucleotides is called a polymer

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) Cells Nucleus Chromosomes Genes DNA

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics (smaller and smaller) The order of the four nucleotides (A, C, G, T) within the polymer determine the information contained therein. The order of the four nucleotides (A, C, G, T) within the polymer determine the information contained therein. Different order – different information Different order – different information

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics A complete DNA molecule has to polymer strands with four bases – it is a tightly woven, double helix, with 3.3 billion pairs of nucleotides Base Pairs

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics DNA, like digital information has beginning codes and ending codes – to tell us where “packets of genetic data” or segments begin and end. DNA, like digital information has beginning codes and ending codes – to tell us where “packets of genetic data” or segments begin and end. With DNA, at the end and beginning of DNA stands are A/T and G/C With DNA, at the end and beginning of DNA stands are A/T and G/C

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small percentage is different from each other. Most of our DNA is exactly the same, only a small percentage is different from each other. The location where specific DNA information is located is called a locus. The location where specific DNA information is located is called a locus. The information that is different between individuals is called Polymorphisms – the part examined during forensic DNA analysis. The information that is different between individuals is called Polymorphisms – the part examined during forensic DNA analysis.

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics DNA analysis can compare: DNA analysis can compare: short repeating patterns and look at the variation in length – called Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VTNR) short repeating patterns and look at the variation in length – called Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VTNR) base pairs – called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) within Polymorphisms (specific genes) base pairs – called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) within Polymorphisms (specific genes)

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Basics Recall general and specific genes: General genes (DNA) are called Monomorphisms General genes (DNA) are called Monomorphisms Specific genes (DNA) are called Polymorphisms Specific genes (DNA) are called Polymorphisms DNA Analysis is conducted on Polymorphisms

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Databases Like fingerprint information, DNA information is converted to a numerical value for ease of search. Like fingerprint information, DNA information is converted to a numerical value for ease of search. Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is actually a combination of databases. Combined DNA Information System (CODIS) is actually a combination of databases. 153 Laboratories in 49 states 153 Laboratories in 49 states Actually includes three different type of databases Actually includes three different type of databases Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing persons Convicted Sex Offender, other offenders, missing persons

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster DNA Databases Database Concerns Who is included? Convicted, arrested or suspected? It varies from state to state. Who is included? Convicted, arrested or suspected? It varies from state to state. What about juveniles? While juvenile arrest records don’t necessarily follow a juvenile into adulthood, the DNA database does? What about juveniles? While juvenile arrest records don’t necessarily follow a juvenile into adulthood, the DNA database does? Since a portion of DNA information is familial – if your sibling or parent is in the database – so is a part of you. Since a portion of DNA information is familial – if your sibling or parent is in the database – so is a part of you. What about research? What about research?

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Software Investigative workload Case assignment Clue management Witness management Case coordination Productivity Screen Capture provided by Crimestar Corporation

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Software Crime Scene Drawings Crime sceneCrime scene drawings are often used as a means of documenting the location of evidence, assisting in determining the sequence of events and explaining a crime to a jury. Software, some very similar to drafting software aids in the production of two dimension crime scenecrime scene representations. Photograph provided by Robert Eplett, California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Software Link Analysis Link analysis software can often help in organizing the vast amount of information and evidence a complex case can produce Screen Capture provided by Pen-Link™

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Digital Photography Digital photography is a picture stored in the language a computer can understand. It takes that information and converts it into a visual display. Digital photography is a picture stored in the language a computer can understand. It takes that information and converts it into a visual display. It has numerous benefits like storage and analysis. It has numerous benefits like storage and analysis. Because it is easier to manipulate a digital image than a traditional photograph, additional software security, procedures and protocols are necessary to maintain the chain of custody Because it is easier to manipulate a digital image than a traditional photograph, additional software security, procedures and protocols are necessary to maintain the chain of custody

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High Definition Survey Using laser technology a three dimensional representation of a crime scene is created. New Information Hyperlink to more Information Hyperlink to more Information Photograph provided by lecia-geosystems

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High Definition Survey New Information Investigators, prosecutors and juries can now return to the scene of the crime in a virtual world. Reconstruction Reconstruction Trials Trials Training Training A three dimensional representation of a seated man with a gun Photograph provided by lecia-geosystems

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009:Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement Criminal Investigations Part Two Criminal Investigations Criminal Investigations Criminal Justice Degree Criminal Justice Degree Information Criminal Justice Degreewww.criminaljustice-online.com