1. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher, Caccamo1 Disk & disk scheduling

2. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 2 The set of all the tracks in the same relative position on the platter is referred to as a cylinder Detailed view of a disk

3. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 3 Detailed view of a disk

4. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 4 Detailed view of a disk The sectors and tracks are mapped to a large 1-dimensional array of logical blocks The sector is the smallest data unit that can be transferred from/to disk and is equivalent to a data block For example, block 0 is the first sector of the first track on the outermost (or innermost) cylinder. In UNIX filesystem, size of a block is typically 512 or 1024 bytes.

5. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 5 Disk scheduling Avg rotation time = ½ revolution time Transfer time = size(bytes)/transfer speed(bytes/sec)

6. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 6 Disk Performance Factor: Seeking Seeking: position the head to the desired cylinder Roughly takes 2-5ms Seeking speed depends on: The power available for the pivot motor: halving the seek time requires quadrupling the power The arm’s stiffness: accelerations of 30-40g are required to achieve good seek times, and a too flexible arm can twist and bring the head into contact with the platter surface. A seek is composed of A speedup, a coast, a slowdown, a settle For very short seeks, the settle time dominates (1-3ms)

7. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 7 Disk Performance: Other Factors Rotational delay Wait for a sector to rotate underneath the heads Typically 8.3 − 6.0 ms (7,200 – 10,000RPM) or ½ rotation takes 4.15-3ms Transfer bytes Average transfer bandwidth (15-37 Mbytes/sec) Performance of transferring 1 Kbytes block Seek (assume is 5 ms) + half rotational delay (assume is 3ms) + transfer (assume is 0.04 ms) Total time is 8.04ms or 124 Kbytes/sec!

8. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 8 Disk Performance Quiz: what block size can get 90% of the disk transfer bandwidth?

9. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 9 Disk Performance Quiz: what block size can get 90% of the disk transfer bandwidth? Answer: the transfer time of 1 block should experience 10% overhead (where overhead = seek delay + half rotational delay); hence, if x is the unknown transfer time of 1 block, it follows that overhead / (x + overhead) =.1  x=9*overhead According to the data given in this slide, x = 72 msec; hence, the block size should be 72/.04=1800Kbytes ~ 1.8 Mbytes

10. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 10 Disk Behaviors There are more sectors on outer tracks than inner tracks Read outer tracks: 37.4MB/sec Read inner tracks: 22MB/sec Seek time and rotational latency dominates the cost of small reads A lot of small disk transfers waste bandwidth

11. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 11 Disk scheduling Which disk request is serviced first? FCFS Shortest seek time first SCAN C-SCAN (Circular SCAN)

12. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 12 FIFO (FCFS) order Method First come first serve Pros Fairness among requests In the order applications expect Cons Arrival may be on random spots on the disk (long seeks) Wild swings can happen

13. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 13 SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First) Method Pick the one closest on disk Pros Try to minimize seek time Cons Starvation

14. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 14 SCAN algorithm Move head from side to side serving all requests on the way Requests that arrived too late while scanning in one direction will be served on reverse direction

15. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 15 SCAN algorithm Method Take the closest request in the direction of travel Pros Bounded time for each request Cons Request at the other end will take a while

16. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 16 C-SCAN (Circular SCAN) Move head from side to side serving all requests on ONE way only Requests that arrived too late for one scan will be served on the next

17. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 17 C-SCAN (Circular SCAN) Method Like SCAN But, wrap around Pros Uniform service time Cons Do nothing on the return

18. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 18 Layout of a disk partition Boot block The first block in partition Executable: loads OS Followed by file system Super block Free space management File index data (i-nodes) Root dir Files and directories

19. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 19 A typical file system layout Inode table: In the EXT2 file system, the inode is the basic building block; Every file and directory in the file system is described by one and only one inode. The EXT2 inodes are kept in the inode table.

20. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 20 The EXT2 Superblock The Superblock contains a description of the basic size and shape of the file system. Among other information it holds the: Magic Number: to check that this is indeed an EXT2 file system Revision Level: The major and minor revision levels Mount Count and Maximum Mount Count Block Size: for example 1024 bytes Free Blocks: number of free blocks in the file system, Free Inodes: number of free Inodes in the file system, First Inode: inode number of the first inode in the file system (in an EXT2 would be the entry for the '/' directory.

21. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 21 Free space management Block allocation bitmap: This is used during block allocation and deallocation Inode allocation bitmap: This is used during inode allocation and deallocation. It allows the system to keep track of allocated and unallocated inodes. Bitmaps for free blocks and inodes Each bit represents one block/inode Overhead is size of bitmap

22. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 22 Mounting a file system Multiple file system trees can be mounted together Mount procedure OS is given the name of the device and the location within the file structure at which to attach the file system (called ‘mount point’ ) OS verifies that the device contains a valid file system (ask device driver to read the device directory and verify that the directory has the expected format) OS notes in its directory structure that a file system is mounted at the specified mount point

23. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 23 Examples of mounted file systems Mounting point /dev/sda3 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda2 Multiple file system trees on different machines can be mounted together by using network file system (NFS)

24. Copyright ©: Nahrstedt, Angrave, Abdelzaher 24 Logical view: Mounted File System Allows # files on system to grow for ever File system must be mounted before it can be available to processes on the system: The OS is given the name of the device, and the location within the file structure at which to attach the files system (mount point) A file system is contained in a partition. A disk can have many partitions.