1. Handle System Overview Larry Lannom Corporation for National Research Initiatives

2. Digital Object Architecture - Goals
Framework for managing Digital (Information) Objects
Give it a name and talk to it
Don’t worry about where it is
Don’t worry about what it’s made of
Rise above details of application versions and content formats
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3. Repositories / Collections
Digital Object Architecture
Repositories / Collections
Client
Resolution System
Resource Discovery
Search Engines
Metadata Databases
Catalogues, Guides, etc.

4. Digital Object Architecture Components Handle System
Go from name to attributes
Fundamental indirection system for Digital Object management on the net
No free lunch
Added layer of infrastructure
Must be managed
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5. Digital Object Architecture Components Repository
Frees digital content from constraints of specific technologies
Provide access across systems, space, time
No free lunch
Added layer of infrastructure
Must be managed
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6. Repository Approach to Interoperability
Modularization
Separate raw data (byte stream) from data type
Separate type definition from type implementation
Extensibility
Create new types on demand
New components accessible (with controls) over the network
Standard access protocol (RAP)
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7. Naming Resources on the Net
The Problem
Internet
chapter.pdf

8. Naming Resources on the Net
The Solution
Internet
Name = Value(s)
10.123/xyz =
Naming Service

9. Naming Resources on the Net
The Solution
Internet
Naming Service
Name = Value(s)
10.123/xyz =

10. Corporation for National Research Initiatives
CNRI Handle System
Distributed, scalable, secure
Enforces unique names
Enables association of one or more typed values, e.g., URL, with each name
Optimized for speed and reliability
Open, well-defined protocol and data model
Provides infrastructure for application domains, e.g., digital libraries, electronic publishing ...
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11. Handle System Implementations
Library of Congress
IDF (International DOI Foundation)
CrossRef (scholarly journal consortium)
Enpia (Korean content management technology firm)
CDI (U.S. content management technology firm)
LON (U.S. learning object technology firm)
CAL (Copyright Agency Ltd - Australia)
TSO (U.K. publisher & info mgmt service provider)
MEDRA (Multilingual European DOI Registration Agency)
cIDF (Content IDF Forum, based in Japan)
DTIC (Defense Technical Information Center)
NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
Various digital library production and research projects
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12. Handles Resolve to Typed Data
Data type
Index
Handle data
10.123/456
URL 1
URL 2
DLS 9
acme/repository
HS_ADMIN
100
acme.admin/jsmith
XYZ 12
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13. The Two Types of Handle Query
Give me all data associated with handle /123.
1. Request all data
LHS
GHR
Handle System
Handle
Client 3 2 5 10 9 4
/123
URL1(Server in US)
URL2 (Server in Asia)
URL3 (Server in Europe)
public key
address
rights data
URL PK EM IP
Index
Type
Data
Give me all data of type URL associated with handle /123.
2. Request all data of a given type
LHS
GHR
Handle System
Handle
Client 3 2 5
/123
URL1(Server in US)
URL2 (Server in Asia)
URL3 (Server in Europe)
URL
Index
Type
Data

14. Handle Resolution The Handle System is a collection of
handle services,
Client
GHR
LHS
each of which
consists of one or
more replicated sites,
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
…...
Site n
each of which may
have one or more
servers.
/abc
URL 4 8 #1 #2 #n #4 #3
...

15. Handle Clients Request to Client: Resolve hdl:10.1000/1
1. Sends request to Global to
resolve 0.NA/
(naming authority
handle for )
Client
Global Handle
Registry

16. Acme Local Handle Service
Handle Clients
Request to Client:
Resolve hdl: /1
Client
2. Global Responds with
Service Information for
Service Information
Acme Local Handle Service
xcccxv xc ..
...
xccx
Global Handle
Registry

17. Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service
Handle Clients
xcccxv xc ..
...
xccx
IP Address
Port #
Public Key
...
Primary Site
Server 1
2641
K03RLQ...
...
Server 2
2641
5&M#FG...
...
Secondary Site A
Server 1
2641
F^*JLS...
...
Server 2
2641
3E$T%...
...
Server 3
2641
A2S4D...
...
Secondary Site B
Server 1
2641
N0L8H7...
...
Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service

18. Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service
Handle Clients
xcccxv xc ..
...
xccx
IP Address
Port #
Public Key
...
Primary Site
Server 1
2641
K03RLQ...
...
Server 2
2641
5&M#FG...
...
Secondary Site A
Server 1
2641
F^*JLS...
...
Server 2
2641
3E$T%...
...
Server 3
2641
A2S4D...
...
Secondary Site B
Server 1
2641
N0L8H7...
...
Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service

19. Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service
Handle Clients
xcccxv xc ..
...
xccx
IP Address
Port #
Public Key
...
Primary Site
Server 1
2641
K03RLQ...
...
Server 2
2641
5&M#FG...
...
Secondary Site A
Server 1
2641
F^*JLS...
...
Server 2
2641
3E$T%...
...
Server 3
2641
A2S4D...
...
Secondary Site B
Server 1
2641
N0L8H7...
...
Service Information - Acme Local Handle Service

20. Handle Clients Request to Client: Resolve hdl:10.1000/1 Global Handle
Registry
3. Client queries Server 3
in Secondary Site A
for /1 #1
Acme Local
Handle Service #1 #2
Secondary Site B #2 #1 #3
Primary Site
Secondary Site A

21. Handle Clients Request to Client: Resolve hdl:10.1000/1 Global Handle
Registry
4. Server responds with
handle data #1
Acme Local
Handle Service #1 #2
Secondary Site B #2 #1 #3
Primary Site
Secondary Site A

22. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Web Client
Handle Administration
Client
HTTP Redirect
HTTP Get
Proxy/
Web Server
Handle Data
Resolve
Handle
LHS
GHR
Handle System

23. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Client
Handle Administration
Client
Client
Plug-In
Handle Data
Resolve Handle
Request
hdl:/ /abc
LHS
GHR
Handle System

24. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Web
Handle Administration
Client
HTTP
Admin Forms
Web Server
Handle Admin API
LHS
GHR
Handle System

25. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Web
Handle Administration
Client
Custom
Client
LHS
GHR
Handle System

26. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Handle Administration
embedded in another
process
Web
LHS
GHR
Handle System

27. Handle Administration
Handle Clients
Handle Resolution
embedded in another
process
Handle Administration
embedded in another
process
LHS
GHR
Handle System

28. Corporation for National Research Initiatives
HS Administration
Ownership is at the handle level
Administrators defined by handles
Administrator handles contain keys
All admin transactions validated via challenge/response from server to client
Allows distributed administration
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29. Handle Data and Metadata
Metadata Collection and DOI Registration
Electronic version of
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis
published by Wiley Interscience
<doi> 10.XXXX/1234</doi>
<url>
<jname>Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis</jname>
<title>New Horizona</title>
<author>Bill Smith</author>
<page> </page>
<abstract>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
elit, sed diem nonummy nibh euismod. Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed
diem nonummy nibh euismod</abstract>
Handle Data and Metadata
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30. Metadata Collection and DOI Registration
Handle data and metadata
Collection Service
Handle System
Wholesale
Metadata
Collection
Handle data
Other Data
Services
VARs
Indexes
Filters
Queries

31. Metadata Collection and DOI Registration
Handle data and metadata
Publisher 1
Publisher 2
Collection Service
Handle System
Wholesale
Metadata
Collection
Handle data
Publisher 3
Publisher n
Other Data
Services
VARs
Indexes
Filters
Queries

32. Appropriate Copy Problem
XYZ University
10.123/456
article.html
dx.doi.org
proxy server
Handle System
Reference with
DOI for
article.html
in ABC Journal
ABC Journal
publisher
abc.com
Local Copy of
article.html
in ABC Journal

33. Appropriate Copy Problem: solved
XYZ University
Redirect to Local Server
dx.doi.org
proxy server
understands cookies
Handle System
Reference with
DOI for
article.html
in ABC Journal
Local Server
Metadata?
Metadata
ABC Journal
publisher
abc.com
Metadata
Database
Local Copy of
article.html
in ABC Journal

34. Appropriate Copy Problem solved w/o local copy
XYZ University
article.html
dx.doi.org
proxy server
understands cookies
Handle System
Reference with
DOI for
article.html
in ABC Journal
Local Server
Metadata?
Metadata
ABC Journal
publisher
abc.com
Metadata
Database X
Local Copy of
article.html
in ABC Journal

35. Metadata Collection Services
Appropriate Copy Problem extensible solution
XYZ University
Redirect to Local Server X
article.html
dx.doi.org
proxy server
understands cookies
Handle System
Reference with
DOI for
article.html
in ABC Journal
Metadata Location?
Meta1.com
Local Server
Metadata?
Metadata
ABC Journal
publisher
abc.com
Meta1.com
Local Copy of
article.html
in ABC Journal
Meta2.com
Meta3.com
Metadata Collection Services

36. Repository Overview

37. Digital Libraries Without a Digital Object System
HTTP
Web Page
Content
Data
Web Server
Web-based
Digital Library
Client
CGI s
Content Operations
(CGI scripts)
Other Digital
Library Servers
or Services

38. (scripts, servlets, other
Digital Libraries With a Digital Object System D I G T A L O B J E C S Y M
Content Operations
(scripts, servlets, other
operations)
HTTP
Web Page
Dissemination
Content
Data
Web-based
Digital Library
Client
Web Server
RAP
Request
Other Digital
Library Servers
or Services
RAP
Request
Dissemination

39. Digital Information Object
Exists within the Digital Object Architecture with the goal of making information a first class citizen on the Internet.
Allows high level information to be moved around on the Internet much as packets of data are today.
Aggregates relevant heterogeneous data and metadata.
Solves the who is where problem of network addressing by using the CNRI Handle System®, a location independent global naming service.
Describes the what of information in an concise and extensible manner.
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40. Digital Information Object Intents of Use
The Intents of use extensible typing mechanism specifies what a Digital Information Object contains.
A specific Digital Information Object’s intent of use is described as a content type.
Content types are registered and uniquely identifiable.
A content type defines a unique set of operations that can be performed on specific information type.
The set of operations is known as a content type signature.
A content type signature can be implemented in different ways in the form of mobile code called servlets.
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41. Complex Digital Object Dissemination
Laptop with modem
.jpg
.ra
PC with
T1 Connection
.exe
.qt
PDA with wireless
connection
.jpg
.pdf
Digital Phone
.xml

42. Digital Object Overview
Information
Unique Identifier
Digital Object
Content Type(s)
Requests
Disseminations

43. Digital Object Overview
Hamlet
Hamlet
It’s a Book
Get Page(2)

44. Digital Object Overview
Hamlet
Content Type
Operations
Hamlet
Data
Element
Digital objects are uniquely identified in a given name space.
Data elements reference sequences of typed bytes.
A Digital Object can have zero or more Content Types to reflect the intents of use of its creator.

45. Digital Object Repository
Provides distributed Digital Object storage.
Behaves as a Digital Object.
Provides a dynamic acquisition and execution mechanism for the mobile code that implements the content type operations.
Exclusively accessed using the Repository Access Protocol (RAP).
Repository
Deposit
Disseminate
RAP
Client

46. Content Type Extensibility
Signature
Implementation
Type Signature API
Type Signature
Content Type
Operations
References
1 to many
Servlet
Servlet
Implementation
Servlet API
Services API

47. Content Type Registration
Handle Service
hdl:type/typedef
hdl:type/book
Type
Signature
Register
hdl: type/book
hdl: type/typedef
URN
hdl:type/repository
hdl:type/typeimpl
hdl:type/book1
Servlet
hdl: type/repository
hdl: type/typedef
URN
hdl: type/book1
hdl: type/typeimpl
URN
hdl:type/typeimpl
hdl:type/repository
URN
hdl:type/repository
IOR:
DLS
URL

48. Digital Object Structures
Identifier
Identifier
Identifier
Type Signature
Servlet
Attachments
Disseminator
Disseminator
Identifier
Type Signature
Handle Service
Servlet
Attachments
servlet
Data
Element
hdl:type/repository
signature
Type
Registry

49. 100.1/MetadataImplementation
Digital Object Structures
Identifier
100.1/PH150
Disseminator
Metadata
Image
Disseminator
100.1/Metadata
100.1/Image
100.1/ImageImplementation
100.1/MetadataImplementation
Attachments
Attachment
Handle Service
hdl:type/repository
.jpg
.gif
.txt
signature
Type
Registry
servlet

50. Content Type Extensibility Mechanism
Identifier
Client C
Client A
XYZ
Repository
Deposit
Disseminator
Repository 2
Deposit
Identifier
Disseminate
Client D
Client B
XYZ-1
Type Signature XYZ
Servlet
XYZ-1
Attachment
Deposit
Data
Element
Dynamic Acquisition
of Mobile code

51. Extensible Dissemination Mechanism
Secure Digital Object Environment
Disseminations
Requests
Results
Extensible Services
Type
Signature
Signature API
Servlet API
Services API
Servlet
Results
Repository
Services
Identifier
Disseminations
Requests
Attachments
Disseminator
Identifier
Type Signature
Servlet
Attachments
Data
Element

52. Digital Object Chaining
Provides a building block approach to information management.
Enables the creation of information and operation links.
Content Chaining: a digital object’s data element can reference its respective content.
Operations Chaining: servlets can dynamically establish links to external resources or digital object when executed.
Content Type Chaining: chaining servlets can be designed to dynamically build digital object chains from input parameters.
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53. Content Chaining Mechanism
Type
Signature
Servlet
Extensible Services
Type Signature ID
Servlet ID
Method Request
Parameters
Static
Service
Request
Data
Element
Digital Object
Digital Object ID
Disseminator ID
Method Request
Parameters or
Typed Bytes

54. Operation Chaining Mechanism
Method Request
Services API
Servlet API
Servlet
Type Signature ID
Servlet ID
Method Request
Parameters
Type
Signature
Servlet
Extensible Services
Dynamic
Service
Request or
Digital Object ID
Disseminator ID
Method Request
Parameters
Digital Object
Digital Object
self

55. Digital Object Chaining Example
Example: ask the Babel Fish Object: generate an audio version of a French translation of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Babel Fish
Type 1
Shakespeare 8 4
Audio Tools 7 5
Babel Translator 6 2
Hamlet 3

56. Data Exchange By Chaining
Digital Object chaining allows for homogeneous data exchanges in a heterogeneous data environment.
Digital Object Chaining provide a layer of abstraction over data formats, encoding and transport protocols.
Type A
Type A
Type B
Type A
Services
Type A
Query System