2. 1 The Mole 6.02 X 10 23

3. 2 STOICHIOMETRYSTOICHIOMETRY - the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions.

4. 3 The Mole A counting unit Similar to a dozen, except instead of 12, it’s 602 billion trillion 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 6.02 X 10 23 (in scientific notation) Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856)This number is named in honor of Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856), who studied quantities of gases and discovered that, in a given volume, under equal conditions, no matter what the gas was, there were the same number of molecules present.

5. 4 Just How Big is a Mole? Enough soft drink cans to cover the surface of the earth to a depth of over 200 miles. If you had Avogadro's number of unpopped popcorn kernels and spread them across the United States of America, the country would be covered in popcorn to a depth of over 9 miles. If we were able to count atoms at the rate of 10 million per second, it would take about 2 billion years to count the atoms in one mole.

6. 5 Everybody Has Avogadro’s Number! But Where Did it Come From? It was NOT just picked! It was MEASURED. One of the better methods of measuring this number was the Millikan Oil Drop Experiment Since then we have found even better ways of measuring using x- ray technology

7. 6 The Mole 1 dozen cookies = 12 cookies 1 mole of cookies = 6.02 X 10 23 cookies 1 dozen cars = 12 cars 1 mole of cars = 6.02 X 10 23 cars 1 dozen Al atoms = 12 Al atoms 1 mole of Al atoms = 6.02 X 10 23 atoms Note that the NUMBER is always the same, but the MASS is very different! Mole is abbreviated mol (gee, that’s a lot quicker to write, huh?)

8. 7 = 6.02 x 10 23 C atoms = 6.02 x 10 23 H 2 O molecules = 6.02 x 10 23 NaCl compounds 6.02 x 10 23 Na + ions and 6.02 x 10 23 Cl – ions A Mole of Particles A Mole of Particles Contains 6.02 x 10 23 particles 1 mole C 1 mole H 2 O 1 mole NaCl

9. 8 6.02 x 10 23 particles 1 mole or 1 mole 6.02 x 10 23 particles Note that a particle could be an atom OR a molecule! Avogadro’s Number as Conversion Factor

10. 9 1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole of Al a) 500 Al atoms b) 6.02 x 10 23 Al atoms c) 3.01 x 10 23 Al atoms 2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x 10 24 S atoms a) 1.0 mole S atoms b) 3.0 mole S atoms c) 1.1 x 10 48 mole S atoms Try These:

11. 10 The Mass of 1 mole (in grams) Equal to the numerical value of the average atomic mass (get from periodic table) 1 mole of C atoms= 12.0 g 1 mole of Mg atoms =24.3 g 1 mole of Cu atoms =63.5 g Molar Mass

12. 11 Other Names Related to Molar Mass Molecular Mass/Molecular Weight: If you have a single molecule, mass is measured in amu’s instead of grams. But, the molecular mass/weight is the same numerical value as 1 mole of molecules. Only the units are different. (This is the beauty of Avogadro’s Number!) Formula Mass/Formula Weight: Same goes for compounds. But again, the numerical value is the same. Only the units are different. THE POINT: You may hear all of these terms which mean the SAME NUMBER… just different units

13. 12 Find the molar mass (usually we round to the tenths place) Try These: A.1 mole of Br atoms B.1 mole of Sn atoms =79.9 g/mole = 118.7 g/mole

14. 13 Mass in grams of 1 mole equal numerically to the sum of the atomic masses 1 mole of CaCl 2 = 111.1 g/mol 1 mole Ca x 40.1 g/mol + 2 moles Cl x 35.5 g/mol = 111.1 g/mol CaCl 2 1 mole of N 2 O 4 = 92.0 g/mol Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds

15. 14 A.Molar Mass of K 2 O = ? Grams/mole B. Molar Mass of antacid Al(OH) 3 = ? Grams/mole Try These:

16. 15 Prozac, C 17 H 18 F 3 NO, is a widely used antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of serotonin by the brain. Find its molar mass. Try This:

17. 16 molar mass Grams Moles Calculations with Molar Mass

18. 17 Aluminum is often used for the structure of light-weight bicycle frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al? 3.00 moles Al ? g Al Converting Moles and Grams

19. 18 1. Molar mass of Al1 mole Al = 27.0 g Al 2. Conversion factors for Al 27.0g Al or 1 mol Al 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al 3. Setup3.00 moles Al x 27.0 g Al 1 mole Al Answer = 81.0 g Al

20. 19 The artificial sweetener aspartame (Nutra-Sweet) formula C 14 H 18 N 2 O 5 is used to sweeten diet foods, coffee and soft drinks. How many moles of aspartame are present in 225 g of aspartame? Try This:

21. 20 Atoms/Molecules and Grams Since 6.02 X 10 23 particles = 1 mole AND 1 mole = molar mass (grams) You can convert atoms/molecules to moles and then moles to grams! (Two step process) You can’t go directly from atoms to grams!!!! You MUST go thru MOLES. That’s like asking 2 dozen cookies weigh how many ounces if 1 cookie weighs 4 oz? You have to convert to dozen first!

22. 21 molar mass Avogadro’s number Grams Moles particles Everything must go through Moles!!! Calculations

23. 22 Atoms/Molecules and Grams How many atoms of Cu are present in 35.4 g of Cu? 35.4 g Cu 1 mol Cu 6.02 X 10 23 atoms Cu 63.5 g Cu 1 mol Cu = 3.4 X 10 23 atoms Cu

24. 23 Try This: How many atoms of K are present in 78.4 g of K?

25. 24 Try This: What is the mass (in grams) of 1.20 X 10 24 molecules of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )?

26. 25 Try This: How many atoms of O are present in 78.1 g of oxygen? 78.1 g O 2 1 mol O 2 6.02 X 10 23 molecules O 2 2 atoms O 32.0 g O 2 1 mol O 2 1 molecule O 2

27. 26 What is the percent carbon in C 5 H 8 NO 4 (the glutamic acid used to make MSG monosodium glutamate), a compound used to flavor foods and tenderize meats? a) 8.22 %C b) 24.3 %C c) 41.1 %C Percent Composition

28. 27 Chemical Formulas of Compounds (HONORS only) Formulas give the relative numbers of atoms or moles of each element in a formula unit - always a whole number ratio (the law of definite proportions).Formulas give the relative numbers of atoms or moles of each element in a formula unit - always a whole number ratio (the law of definite proportions). NO 2 2 atoms of O for every 1 atom of N NO 2 2 atoms of O for every 1 atom of N 1 mole of NO 2 : 2 moles of O atoms to every 1 mole of N atoms If we know or can determine the relative number of moles of each element in a compound, we can determine a formula for the compound.If we know or can determine the relative number of moles of each element in a compound, we can determine a formula for the compound.

29. 28 Types of Formulas (HONORS only) Empirical FormulaEmpirical Formula The formula of a compound that expresses the smallest whole number ratio of the atoms present. Ionic formula are always empirical formula Molecular FormulaMolecular Formula The formula that states the actual number of each kind of atom found in one molecule of the compound.

30. 29 To obtain an Empirical Formula (HONORS only) 1.Determine the mass in grams of each element present, if necessary. 2.Calculate the number of moles of each element. 3.Divide each by the smallest number of moles to obtain the simplest whole number ratio. 4.If whole numbers are not obtained * in step 3), multiply through by the smallest number that will give all whole numbers * Be careful! Do not round off numbers prematurely

31. 30 A sample of a brown gas, a major air pollutant, is found to contain 2.34 g N and 5.34g O. Determine a formula for this substance. require mole ratios so convert grams to moles moles of N = 2.34g of N = 0.167 moles of N 14.01 g/mole 14.01 g/mole moles of O = 5.34 g = 0.334 moles of O 16.00 g/mole 16.00 g/mole Formula: Formula: (HONORS only)

32. 31 Calculation of the Molecular Formula (HONORS only) A compound has an empirical formula of NO 2. The colourless liquid, used in rocket engines has a molar mass of 92.0 g/mole. What is the molecular formula of this substance?

33. 32 Empirical Formula from % Composition (HONORS only) A substance has the following composition by mass: 60.80 % Na ; 28.60 % B ; 10.60 % H What is the empirical formula of the substance? Consider a sample size of 100 grams This will contain 28.60 grams of B and 10.60 grams H Determine the number of moles of each Determine the simplest whole number ratio