1. Wireless Sensor Networks 2006.11.01 Young Myoung,Kang (INC lab) (ymkang@popeye.snu.ac.kr) MOBICOM 2002 Tutorial (Deborah Estrin, Mani Srivastava, Akbar Sayeed)

2. SNU INC lab. 2 Contents  Part I : Introduction  Part II : Sensor Node Platforms & Energy Issues  Part III: Time & Space Problems in Sensor Networks  Part IV: Sensor Network Protocols  Part V : Collaborative Signal Processing

3. SNU INC lab. 3 Part IV Sensor Network Protocols

4. SNU INC lab. 4 Introduction  WSN protocols –Primary theme long-lived massively-distributed  Minimize duty cycle and communication –Adaptive MAC –Adaptive Topology –Routing

5. SNU INC lab. 5 MAC in Sensor Nets  Important attributes of MAC protocols –Energy efficiency –Collision avoidance –Scalability in node density –Latency –Fairness –Throughput –Bandwidth utilization

6. SNU INC lab. 6 Identifying the Energy Consumers  Major source of energy waste –Idle listening when no sensing events –Collisions –Control overhead –Overhearing

7. SNU INC lab. 7 Sensor-MAC(SMAC)  Major components of S-MAC –Periodic listen and sleep –Collision avoidance –Overhearing avoidance –Message passing  Periodic listen and sleep –Turn off radio when sleeping –Reduce duty cycle to ~10% (200 ms on/2s off) –Increased latency for reduced energy sleep listen sleep

8. SNU INC lab. 8 SMAC - Collision Avoidance  Collision Avoidance –Problem: Multiple senders want to talk –Solution: Similar to IEEE 802.11 ad hoc mode (DCF) Physical and virtual carrier sense Randomized backoff time RTS/CTS for hidden terminal problem RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK sequence

9. SNU INC lab. 9 Adaptive Topology  Goal: –Exploit high density (over) deployment to extend system lifetime –Provide topology that adapts to the application needs –Self-configuring system that adapts to environment  How many nodes to activate?

10. SNU INC lab. 10 ASCENT : Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks Topologies (b) Self-configuration transition(a) Communication Hole(c) Final State Help Messages Data Message Sink Source Sink Source Neighbor Announcements Messages Data Message SinkSource Active Neighbor Passive Neighbor  The nodes can be in active or passive state. –Active nodes forward data packets –Passive nodes do not forward any packets but may sleep or collect network measurements.

11. SNU INC lab. 11 STEM : Sparse Topology and Energy Management  Major Concept –Need to separate Wakeup and Data Forwarding Planes –Chosen two separate radios for the two planes –Use separate radio for the paging channel to avoid interference with regular data forwarding –Trades off energy savings for path setup latency Wakeup plane: f 1 Data plane: f 2

12. SNU INC lab. 12 Routing  Goal –To disseminate data from sensor nodes to the sink node in energy-awareness manner, hence, maximize the lifetime of the sensor networks.  Problem Description –Given a topology, how to route data? –Traditional Ad hoc routing protocols doesn ’ t fit  Classification of Routing Protocols –Data Centric Protocols SPIN, Directed Diffusion –Hierarchical Protocols LEACH, TEEN –Location Based Protocols GAF, GEAR

13. SNU INC lab. 13 Data Centric Routing  The ability to query a set of sensor nodes  Attribute-based naming  Data aggregation during relaying

14. SNU INC lab. 14 Directed Diffusion  Sink node floods named “interest” with larger update interval  Sensor node sends back data via “gradients”  Sink node then sends the same “interest” with smaller update interval  Query-driven

15. SNU INC lab. 15 Energy Efficient Routing  Possible Route Route 1: Sink-A-B-T, total PA = 4, total α = 3 Route 2: Sink-A-B-C-T, total PA = 6, total α = 6 Route 3: Sink-D-T, total PA = 3, total α = 4 Route 4: Sink-E-F-T, total PA = 5, total α = 6 Maximum PA route: 4 Minimum hop route: 3 Minimum energy route: 1

16. SNU INC lab. 16 Database Centric Approach  Traditional Approach –Data is extracted from sensors and stored on a front-end server –Query processing takes place on the front-end  Sensor Database System –Distributed query processing over a sensor network Warehouse Front End Sensor DB Sensor DB Front End Sensor DB Sensor DB Sensor DB

17. SNU INC lab. 17 Sensor DB Architecture

18. SNU INC lab. 18 Part II Collaborative Signal Processing

19. SNU INC lab. 19 Introduction  Sensor Network from SP perspective –Provide a virtual map of the physical world: Monitoring a region in a variety of sensing modalities (acoustic, seismic, thermal, … )  Two key components: –Networking and routing of information –Collaborative signal processing (CSP) for extracting and processing information from the physical world

20. SNU INC lab. 20 Space-Time sampling  Sensors sample the spatial signal field in a particular modality (e.g., acoustic,seismic)  Sensor field decomposed into space-time cells to enable distributed signal processing (multiple nodes per cell) Time Space Time Space Uniform space-time cellsNon-uniform space-time cells

21. SNU INC lab. 21 Single Target Tracking Initialization: Cells A,B,C and D are put on detection alert for a specified period Five-step procedure: 1. A track is initiated when a target is detected in a cell (Cell A – Active cell). Detector outputs of active nodes are sent to the manager node 2. Manager node estimates target location at N successive time instants using outputs of active nodes in Cell A. 3. Target locations are used to predict target location at M<N future time instants 4.Predicted positions are used to create new cells that are put on detection alert 5.Once a new cell detects the target it becomes the active cell

22. SNU INC lab. 22 Why CSP?  More information about a phenomenon can be gathered from multiple measurements –Multiple sensing modalities (acoustic, seismic, etc.) –Multiple nodes  Limited local information gathered by a single node –Inconsistencies between measurements –malfunctioning nodes  Variability in signal characteristics and environmental conditions –Complementary information from multiple measurements can improve performance

23. SNU INC lab. 23 Various Forms of CSP  Single Node, Multiple Modality (SN, MM) –Simplest form of CSP: no communication burden Decision fusion Data fusion (higher computational burden)  Multiple Node, Single Modality (MN, SM) –Higher communication burden Decision fusion Data fusion (higher computational burden)  Multiple Node, Multiple Modality (MN, MM) –Highest communication and computational burden Decision fusion across modalities and nodes Data fusion across modalities, decision fusion across nodes Data fusion across modalities and nodes Manager node Manager node

24. SNU INC lab. 24 Event Detection  Simple energy detector –Detect a target/event when the output exceeds an adaptive threshold (CFAR)  Detector output: –At any instant is the average energy in a certain window –Is sampled at a certain rate based on a priori estimate of target velocity and signal bandwidth  Output parameters for each event: –max value (CPA – closest point of approach) –time stamps for: onset, max, offset –time series for classification  Multi-node and multi-modality collaboration

25. SNU INC lab. 25 Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) Detection  Energy detector is designed to maintain a CFAR  Detector threshold is adapted to the statistics of the decision variable under noise hypothesis  Let x[n] denote a sensor time series  Energy detector: W is the detector window length  Detector decision: Target present Target absent Target present Target absent

26. SNU INC lab. 26 Single Measurement Classifier x C(x)=2 M=3 classes Event feature vector Class likelihoods Decision (max)

27. SNU INC lab. 27 Multiple Measurement Classifier Data Fusion C(x)=3 M=3 classes Event feature vectors from 2 measurements Class likelihoodsDecision (max) Concatenated event feature vector

28. SNU INC lab. 28 Multiple Measurement Classifier – Soft Decision Fusion C(x)=1 Event feature vectors from 2 measurements Final Decision (max) Comb. Component decision combiner

29. SNU INC lab. 29 Multiple Measurement Classifier – Hard Decision Fusion C(x)=1 Event feature vectors from 3 measurements Final decision Majority vote 1 3 1 M=3 classes Component hard decisions

30. SNU INC lab. 30 Summary  WSN protocols –MAC –Routing  WSN CSP –Data Fusion –Decision Fusion