1. Bad assumptions or bad luck: Tohoku’s embarrassing lessons for earthquake hazard mapping What’s going wrong and what to do? Tohoku, Japan March 11, 2011 M 9.1 NY Times CNN Seth Stein, Northwestern University Robert Geller, University of Tokyo Mian Liu, University of Missouri

2. Japan spent lots of effort on national hazard map, but 2011 M 9.1 Tohoku, 1995 Kobe M 7.3 & others in areas mapped as low hazard In contrast: map assumed high hazard in Tokai “gap” Geller 2011

3. Hazard maps fail because of - bad physics (incorrect description of earthquake processes) -bad assumptions (mapmakers’ choice of poorly known parameters) - bad data (lacking, incomplete, or underappreciated) - bad luck (low probability events) and combinations of these (Tohoku!)

4. Expected Earthquake Sources 50 to 150 km segments M7.5 to 8.2 (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion) Off Sanriku-oki North ~M8 0.2 to 10% Off Sanriku-oki Central ~M7.7 80 to 90% Off Fukushima ~M7.4 7% Off Ibaraki ~M6.7 – M7.2 90% Detailed model of segments with 30 year probabilities Sanriku to Boso M8.2 (plate boundary) 20% Sanriku to Boso M8.2 (Intraplate) 4-7% Off Miyagi ~M7.5 > 90% J. Mori Assumption: No M > 8.2

5. Giant earthquake broke all of the segments 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 450 km long fault, M 9.1 (Aftershock map from USGS) J. Mori Expected Earthquake Sources 50 to 150 km segments M7.5 to 8.2 (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion)

6. Tsunami runup approximately twice fault slip (Plafker, Okal & Synolakis 2004) M9 generates much larger tsunami Planning assumed maximum magnitude 8 Seawalls 5-10 m high CNN NYTStein & Okal, 2011

7. Didn’t consider historical record of large tsunamis NYT 4/20/11

8. Lack of M9s in record seemed consistent with model that M9s only occur where lithosphere younger than 80 Myr subducts faster than 50 mm/yr (Ruff and Kanamori, 1980) Disproved by Sumatra 2004 M9.3 and dataset reanalysis (Stein & Okal, 2007) Short record at most SZs didn’t include larger multisegment ruptures Stein & Okal, 2011

9. NY Times 3/21/11 Why?

10. Hazard maps are hard to get right: success depends on accuracy of four assumptions Where will large earthquakes occur? When will they occur? How large will they be? How strong will their shaking be? Uncertainty & map failure often result because these are often poorly known

11. 2001 hazard map http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/seismap/haiti_dr.htm 2010 M7 earthquake shaking much greater than maximum predicted for next 500 years

12. 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) was not expected: map showed low hazard based on lack of recent earthquakes Didn’t use GPS data showing 1-2 mm/yr (~ Wasatch) Earthquakes prior to the 2008 Wenchuan event Aftershocks of the Wenchuan event delineating the rupture zone

13. Maps are like ‘Whack-a-mole’ - you wait for the mole to come up where it went down, but it’s likely to pop up somewhere else.

14. What to do Continue research on fundamental scientific questions (partly UNAVCO’ community’s job!) Realistically assess map uncertainties and present them to help users decide how much credence to place in maps Develop methods to objectively test hazard maps and guide future improvements

15. Comparing map predictions shows the large uncertainties (~3X) resulting from different assumptions Shows uncertainties without subjective weighting Stein et al, 2012

16. Testing analogy: evidence-based medicine objectively evaluates widely used treatments, often with embarrassing results Although more than 650,000 arthroscopic knee surgeries at a cost of roughly $5,000 each were being performed each year, a controlled experiment showed that "the outcomes were no better than a placebo procedure."

17. Bad luck or bad map? Compare maximum acceleration observed to that predicted by both map and null hypotheses. A simple null hypothesis is regionally uniformly distributed hazard. Japanese map seems to be doing worse than this null hypothesis. Geller 2011 Test maps by comparison to what happened after they were published.

18. Avoid biases from new maps made after a large earthquake that earlier maps missed. Frankel et al, 2010 Before 2010 Haiti M7After 2010 Haiti M7 4X

19. A posteriori changes to a model are "Texas sharpshooting:” shoot at the barn and then draw circles around the bullet holes.

20. Challenge: Users want predictions even if they’re poor Future Nobel Prize winner Kenneth Arrow served as a military weather forecaster. As he described, “my colleagues had the responsibility of preparing long-range weather forecasts, i.e., for the following month. The statisticians among us subjected these forecasts to verification and found they differed in no way from chance. The forecasters themselves were convinced and requested that the forecasts be discontinued. The reply read approximately: "The commanding general is well aware that the forecasts are no good. However, he needs them for planning purposes." Gardner, D., Future Babble: Why Expert Predictions Fail - and Why We Believe Them Anyway, 2010