1. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 1AVIATION SAFETY & SECURITY MANAGEMENT Last session’s recap  Definition – human factors in aviation & medicine  Reasons behind introduction  Poor decision making  Human performance  Human error  Management of human error  Engineering control strategies  Administrative control strategies  Regulatory practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 2 Cont. of last session’s recap  Appropriate labour practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 3 LEGAL ASPECTS OF AVIATION SAFETY Introduction  KCAA – AC no. CAA AC-GEN001A – Introduction to the civil aviation regulations (CARs)  CARs have been harmonized in the East African countries under the umbrella of CASSOA  Re-certifications and or fresh certifications are now needed for the various services/categories following the harmonization exercise  CARs are issued in sets with each set dealing with a specific kind of aviation activity or specialty  Currently there are 12 such activities Francis Lasalo Ngonga

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 4 Cont. of introduction The 12 activities include: 1) Aerial work 2) a/c registration & marking 3) Airworthiness 4) Approved maintenance organization (AMO) 5) Air operator certification & administration (AOC) 6) Aviation training organization (ATO) 7) Commercial air transport operations by foreign air operator in and out of EAC 8) Instruments and equipment 9) Operation of a/c 10) Personnel licensing Francis Lasalo Ngonga

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 5 Cont. of introduction 11) Parachute operations 12) Rules of air & air traffic control  Each regulation is complete  Some regulations have schedules to expound on certain areas  Hierarchical conventional numbering format is followed  Regulations are cross referenced to each other where especially they relate to one another  Generally technical terms are defined in the beginning of the regulations Francis Lasalo Ngonga

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 6 Cont. of introduction  Ordinary dictionary words & legal terms are not normally defined Francis Lasalo Ngonga

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 7 Cont. of Introduction  Interpretation of certain terms: a) Shall – mandatory requirement b) May – discretion c) Includes – means includes but not limited to d) Approved – authority has issued a formal written approval e) Acceptable – authority has reviewed but has neither objected nor approved f) Prescribed – authority has written a policy or methodology which is either mandatory or discretionary  Offences and penalties are stipulated Francis Lasalo Ngonga

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 8 Cont. of Introduction  Guidance material – convey general and technical information  Clarifies or amplifies certain regulations at times Francis Lasalo Ngonga

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 9 International air law  States are encouraged to ratify international air law instruments  Assists in registration of appropriate various agreements dealing with commercial aviation for instance: a) Compensation for damage caused by a/c to third parties arising from acts of unlawful interference or from general risks b) Acts or offences of concern to the international aviation community and not covered by existing air law instruments Francis Lasalo Ngonga

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 10ICAO  Specialized UN agency – global forum for civil aviation  Vision – safe, secure and sustainable development of civil aviation through the corporation of member states  Created on 7 December 1944 – convention on international civil aviation – signed in Chicago  Became effective on 4 April 1947  Incorporates 96 articles – assists in formulating ISARPS  The convention has 18 annexes  Secretariat is headed by the SG Francis Lasalo Ngonga

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 11 Cont. of ICAO  ICAO has 5 main divisions, namely the: 1) Air navigation bureau 2) Air transport bureau 3) Technical cooperation bureau 4) Legal bureau and 5) Bureau of administration and services  ICAO works with other specialized agencies of UN Francis Lasalo Ngonga

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 12 Cont. of ICAO  The 18 annexes of ICAO convention are: 1) Personnel licensing 2) Rules of the air 3) Meteorological services for international air navigation 4) Aeronautical charts 5) Units of measure to be used in air and ground operations 6) Operation of aircraft 7) Aircraft nationality and registration marks 8) Airworthiness of aircraft 9) Facilitation Francis Lasalo Ngonga

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 13 Cont. of ICAO 10) Aeronautical communications 11) Air traffic services 12) Search and rescue 13) Aircraft accident and incident investigations 14) Aerodromes 15) Aeronautical information services 16) Environmental protection 17) Security – safeguarding international civil against acts of unlawful interference 18) The safe transportation of dangerous goods by air Francis Lasalo Ngonga

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 14CASSOA  Civil aviation safety & security oversight agency is a self-auditing institution of the East African region  Protocol signed on 18 April 2007 by Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda  Established by the heads of states on 18 June 2008 in Kampala, Uganda  Its duty is to ensure the development of safe & secure civil aviation system in the region  Current members are: 1) Kenya Civil Aviation Authority 2) Uganda Civil Aviation Authority 3) Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority Francis Lasalo Ngonga

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 15 Cont. of CASSOA 4) Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority 5) Burundi Civil Aviation Authority Francis Lasalo Ngonga

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 16 SECURITY CHALLENGES IN AVIATION  Aviation security - Abbreviated as AVSEC  Can be defined as: a) Measures, procedures or rules b) Human or personnel c) Materials, equipment or resources  All made to safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interferences Francis Lasalo Ngonga

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 17 Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation  In the early days of flying AVSEC was not an issue  1 st recorded flight – 17 December 1903 by the Wright brothers at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina  1 st commercial airline was created in 1912 by Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin  1 st known recorded a/c hijack was on 24 November 1971 by Don Cooper, flight 305, North West Orient from Portland, Oregon, USA  AVSEC began to be taken seriously  FAA’s Aviation Security Research and Development was created in 1974 to advance civil aviation security issues Francis Lasalo Ngonga

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 18 Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation AVSEC is briefly classified into: a) Legal framework (program)  Focuses on international conventions, agreements & protocols  Domestication of the above  Forms the legal basis of the international civil aviation security b) Technical program  Team of security technocrats – they develop & review security docs  Provide guidance and recommendations on how to comply with the ISARPS of annex 17 Francis Lasalo Ngonga

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 19 Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation AVSEC IN GENERAL  At ICAO falls under Air Transportation Bureau  Develops ISARPS - International Standards And Recommended Practices  Assists member states to comply ICAO ANNEX 17  Deals with aviation security – designated by article 37  8 th edition booklet – dated July 2006  Lists the ISARPS  Issued on 22 March 1974  Guide – Must comply with standards - Try to comply with recommended practices - Try to comply with recommended practices Francis Lasalo Ngonga

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 20 Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation ICAO VISION ON SECURITY  Safe, secure and sustainable civil aviation development  Several strategic objectives for 2005 – 2010 No. 2 is on security which is to enhance global/civil aviation security Francis Lasalo Ngonga

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 21 Cont. of Security Challenges in Aviation Cost of security  It is enormous, not just in money resources in general  Cost primarily ought to be borne by the state, however, all players are forced to chip in by circumstances  State must protect the a/c and all in both on ground & in the air  For example in 2002 extra AVSEC costs were over 5 billion US dollars  Events of Sep 11, 2001 made civil aviation become a stigma  The realization that civil a/c could become instruments of terror Francis Lasalo Ngonga

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 22 Francis Lasalo Ngonga Thank you very much for your attention and cooperation Clarifications, questions and feedback