1. THE OUTPUTS & OUTCOMES OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

2. Nature of Public Policy Outputs: authoritative decisions that government makes Outcomes  Policies or outputs are chosen to promote different end results  End results are outcomes  Different policy instruments may be more or less efficient ways in which to reach the outcomes that policy makers want

3. Functions of the Political System

4. Relationships among Hurricane Tracking - responds to the demand for safety  Political demands  Outputs of process functions  Outcomes of policy implementation POLITICAL RESPONSIVENESS

5. Public Policies Public policies may be summarized and compared according to outputs classified into four headings:  Distribution  Extraction  Regulation  Symbolic outputs

6. From the Night Watchman State to the Welfare State Night Watchman State: a Lockean state, which primarily sought to regulate just enough to preserve law, order, a good business climate, and the basic security of its citizens Police State: regulates much more intrusively and extracts resources more severely than the night watchman state Regulatory State: evolved in all advanced industrial societies as they face the complexities of modern life Welfare State: found particularly in more prosperous and democratic societies, distributes resources extensively to provide for the health, education, employment, housing, and income support of its citizens

7. Welfare State First modern welfare state programs introduced in Germany in the 1880s  Bismarck: social insurance programs that protected workers 1930s to 1970s most industrialized states have adopted and expanded welfare policies 1980s and 1990s the welfare states in advanced capitalist countries continued to grow albeit at a somewhat slower rate Mixture between social insurance and social redistribution  In part paternalistic and in part Robin Hood

8. Challenges to the Welfare State Ability of future generations to pay  Growth of senior citizens/dependency ratios Some welfare states give citizens few incentives to work.  Norway and Sweden

10. Chesapeake Tunnel Bridge Quantity  Available resources usually depend of domestic extractive capability Areas of human life touched by benefits  Welfare  Infrastructure  National security Welfare state as a distributive ideology Public Policies: Distribution

11. Extractive Policy Services (military duty,jury duty) Taxation (extractions that have no immediate or direct benefit) Borrowing Issues of efficiency and equity are always associated with making and implementing extractive rules

12. Extraction: Services Compulsory military service Jury duty Compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of a crime

13. Extraction: Economic Direct extraction of services  Compulsory military service, jury duty, or compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of crime Direct resource extraction  Taxation  Direct taxes  Indirect taxes  Progressive tax structure  Regressive tax structure The tax profiles of different countries vary both in their overall tax burdens and in their reliance on different types of taxes. Differ in how they collect their revenues

15. Regulative Policy – Use of Compulsion Coercion  Protect property rights  Crime prevention/fighting Material of financial inducements  Mortgage write-off  Environment Protection of civil liberties/rights

16. Symbolic Policy - used by government to exhort citizens to desired forms of conduct Appeals to values  Comply with the law more faithfully  Accept hardship, sacrifice, danger Employs symbols  Holiday parades  Public buildings  Patriotic indoctrination Enhances aspects of system’s performance

17. Outcomes: Domestic Welfare How do extractive, distributive, regulative, and symbolic policies affect the lives of citizens? Sometimes policies have unintended and undesirable consequences. To estimate the effectiveness of public policy, we have to examine actual welfare outcomes as well as governmental policies and their implementation.  Measures of economic well-being  Nigeria and India - severe problems  Income distribution tends to be most unequal in medium-income developing societies, such as Brazil, and more equal in advanced market societies as well as in low-income developing societies, such as India.  Kuznets Curve  Health outcomes  Education and information technologies

19. Domestic Security Outcomes Crime rates have been on the increase in many advanced industrial societies until recently as well as the developing world.  Russia, Brazil and Mexico- high rates of crimes  England, France (has had an increase), and Germany have a small fraction of the U.S.’s crime numbers  China has low murder rates; Japan even lower. Much crime found in urban areas.  Causes are complex.  Migration increases diversity and conflict.  Pace of urbanization explosive; severe problems of poverty and infrastructure  Inequality of income and wealth, unemployment, drug abuse, hopelessness of big city life Crime rates have come down in the U.S.  Stronger economy; increased incarceration time; decrease in youth

20. Warfare Terrorism International Outputs and Outcomes

21. Increased assistance to poor countries Domestic populations accept the costs of pursuing international policies when they perceive a direct threat to their national security

22. Political Goods and Values If we are to compare and evaluate public policy in different political systems, we need to consider the political goods that motivate different policies.  System goods: Citizens are most free and most able to act purposefully when their environment is stable, transparent, and predictable.  Process goods: citizen participation and free political participation; democratic procedures and various rights of due process  Policy goods: economic welfare, quality of life, freedom and personal security

25. Final Thoughts -- if the political goods being produced fail to live up to expectations the government will lose support --if this condition persists over a long period the political regime will lose legitimacy