1. Global/International Marketing MR1100 Chapter 7

2. What is International Marketing? International Marketing is the Marketing across international boundaries. Examples – When OCI sells shrimp in Japan or Germany that is an aspect of international marketing. – When BRP sets up a company in Europe to market snowmobiles that too is an aspect of international marketing.

3. Why Go International? Reasons for going International: –Exploit a business opportunity - profits –Increased growth potential - extend product life. –Economic environment may be better abroad –Less competition –Less taxes –Less regulations –Lower salaries abroad –Spread fixed costs –Increased economies of scale and scope –To sell inventory that will not sell at home

4. Difficulties of International Marketing Often a time & money consuming effort Differences in language, culture and values Hard to get executives to go abroad Local ways of doing business may be different than at home. uPolitical, Social, & Economic uncertainty. Different (poor) infrastructure.

5. Why is International Marketing so Important to Canadians? Canada exports 25-30% of its total Gross Domestic Product (GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in Canada.) uOur largest trading partner is the USA. (see Statistics Canada http://www.statcan.gc.ca/dai-quo/ ) http://www.statcan.gc.ca/dai-quo/ Emergence of first the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and then the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) uOpening up of Eastern Europe. Multi-National Corporations (MNC’s)

6. Porter’s Model of Competitive Advantage Factor Conditions: Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise Demand Conditions Existence of Related and Supporting Industries Company Strategy, Structure and Rivalry What do we do better than anyone else?

7. Trends in Trade Less Protectionism, more alliances Moving from alliances to integration (latest events in Europe have challenged this) Globalization of companies and of networks

8. Trade and Border Issues Economic Protectionism – Tariffs – Quotas Rise of Economic Integration – EU – NAFTA “Globalization”

9. The GLOBAL Company International FirmMultinational FirmTransnational Firm A “one world” strategy that sees the world as a single market. Eg: AVON Avon Canada Avon Australia Avon Japan A “multi nations” strategy that sees different countries needing different products Eg: HONDA Honda Canada Honda Australia Honda Japan A “almost one world” strategy that groups similar countries to obtain economies of scale. Eg: COCA COLA Coca Cola Canada Coca Cola Australia Coca Cola Japan

10. Key Factors to Assess in the Host Country Prior to Going International Cultural Conditions Do you and you company understand the cultural conditions in the host country? You cannot respect them if you do not know them. Be aware of the lessons learned by companies operating abroad.

11. Key Factors to Assess in the Host Country Prior to Going International Economic Conditions What stage of economic development is the host country in? How much infrastructure exists -- what is its condition? What is consumer income? -- high or low Is there a stable currency exchange rate?

12. Key Factors to Assess in the Host Country Prior to Going International Political Conditions Stability of the government The existence of Trade Barriers The potential of Expropriation Trade/Tax incentives that may be offered Is the host a part of a multinational trade group such as NAFTA or the EC? See Political Risk Assessment @ http://www.prsgroup.com/ http://www.prsgroup.com/

13. Alternative Approaches to Going International Exporting - lowest risk, lowest involvement Licensing - still low involvement but more risk Joint Venture - Multinational joins with a local company in the host country - Higher involvement and risk. ( See http://www.offshore- technology.com/projects/exxon_hebron/)http://www.offshore- technology.com/projects/exxon_hebron/ Direct Ownership - most involvement, most risk and most potential reward.

14. Key Terminology Selling Products Abroad Extension - sell same product in other countries (eg. The Ford Escort is the same basic car all over the world) Adaptation - Modify a product to meet the needs of the host country ( eg. Honda markets a different version of the Accord in Japan and Europe than in North America (it’s bigger) Invention - Sell a new product in the host country (The battery-less radio in Africa)

15. Key Terminology Pricing Dumping - selling a product in a host country below its domestic cost. Counter-trade - A form of barter Bribery - Giving something in exchange for a promise of a deal. Common in underdeveloped countries - but ethically wrong. Grey Market – products are sold through unauthorized channels