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Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Chapter 35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
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Reproductive shoot (flower)
Fig. 35-2 Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot system Vegetative shoot Blade Leaf Petiole Axillary bud Stem Figure 35.2 An overview of a flowering plant Taproot Lateral branch roots Root system
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Fig. 35-3 Figure 35.3 Root hairs of a radish seedling
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Prop roots “Strangling” aerial roots Storage roots Buttress roots
Fig. 35-4 Prop roots “Strangling” aerial roots Storage roots Buttress roots Figure 35.4 Modified roots Pneumatophores
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Rhizomes Bulbs Storage leaves Stem Stolons Stolon Tubers Fig. 35-5
Figure 35.5 Modified stems Tubers
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Fig. 35-5d Figure 35.5 Modified stems Tubers
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(a) Simple leaf Petiole Axillary bud Leaflet (b) Compound leaf Petiole
Fig. 35-6 (a) Simple leaf Petiole Axillary bud Leaflet (b) Compound leaf Petiole Axillary bud Figure 35.6 Simple versus compound leaves (c) Doubly compound leaf Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud
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Tendrils Spines Storage leaves Reproductive leaves Bracts Fig. 35-7
Figure 35.7 Modified leaves Bracts
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Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue Fig. 35-8
Figure 35.8 The three tissue systems Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue
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EXPERIMENT Very hairy pod (10 trichomes/ mm2) Slightly hairy pod
Fig. 35-9 EXPERIMENT Very hairy pod (10 trichomes/ mm2) Slightly hairy pod (2 trichomes/ mm2) Bald pod (no trichomes) RESULTS Very hairy pod: 10% damage Slightly hairy pod: 25% damage Bald pod: 40% damage Figure 35.9 Do soybean pod trichomes deter herbivores?
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Parenchyma cells in Elodea leaf, with chloroplasts (LM) 60 µm
Fig a Figure Examples of differentiated plant cells Parenchyma cells in Elodea leaf, with chloroplasts (LM) 60 µm
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Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM)
Fig b 5 µm Figure Examples of differentiated plant cells Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM)
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Sclereid cells in pear (LM)
Fig c 5 µm Sclereid cells in pear (LM) 25 µm Cell wall Figure Examples of differentiated plant cells Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM)
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Vessel Tracheids Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM)
Fig d Vessel Tracheids 100 µm Pits Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Figure Examples of differentiated plant cells Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids
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longitudinal view (LM) 3 µm
Fig e Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view (LM) 3 µm Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: cross section (TEM) Companion cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate Figure Examples of differentiated plant cells 30 µm 10 µm Nucleus of companion cells Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (SEM)
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Primary growth in stems
Fig Primary growth in stems Epidermis Cortex Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem and young leaves) Primary phloem Primary xylem Pith Lateral meristems: Vascular cambium Secondary growth in stems Cork cambium Axillary bud meristem Periderm Cork cambium Cortex Figure An overview of primary and secondary growth Pith Primary phloem Primary xylem Root apical meristems Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium
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Apical bud Bud scale Axillary buds This year’s growth (one year old)
Fig Apical bud Bud scale Axillary buds This year’s growth (one year old) Leaf scar Bud scar Node One-year-old side branch formed from axillary bud near shoot tip Internode Last year’s growth (two years old) Leaf scar Figure Three years’ growth in a winter twig Stem Bud scar left by apical bud scales of previous winters Growth of two years ago (three years old) Leaf scar
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Cortex Vascular cylinder Epidermis Key to labels Zone of
Fig Cortex Vascular cylinder Epidermis Key to labels Zone of differentiation Root hair Dermal Ground Vascular Zone of elongation Figure Primary growth of a root Apical meristem Zone of cell division Root cap 100 µm
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Figure 35.14 Organization of primary tissues in young roots
Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pericycle Core of parenchyma cells Xylem 100 µm Phloem (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) 100 µm (b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots) Endodermis Key to labels Figure Organization of primary tissues in young roots Pericycle Dermal Ground Vascular Xylem Phloem 50 µm
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Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
Fig a1 Epidermis Key to labels Cortex Dermal Endodermis Ground Vascular Vascular cylinder Pericycle Figure Organization of primary tissues in young roots Xylem 100 µm Phloem (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
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Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots)
Fig a2 (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) Endodermis Key to labels Pericycle Dermal Ground Vascular Xylem Phloem Figure Organization of primary tissues in young roots 50 µm
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Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots)
Fig b Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Key to labels Pericycle Dermal Core of parenchyma cells Ground Vascular Figure Organization of primary tissues in young roots Xylem Phloem 100 µm (b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots)
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Emerging lateral root Cortex Vascular cylinder 100 µm 1 Fig. 35-15-1
Figure The formation of a lateral root 1 Vascular cylinder
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Epidermis Emerging lateral Lateral root root Cortex Vascular cylinder
Fig 100 µm Epidermis Emerging lateral root Lateral root Cortex Figure The formation of a lateral root 1 Vascular cylinder 2
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Epidermis Emerging lateral Lateral root root Cortex Vascular cylinder
Fig 100 µm Epidermis Emerging lateral root Lateral root Cortex Figure The formation of a lateral root 1 Vascular cylinder 2 3
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Shoot apical meristem Leaf primordia Young leaf Developing vascular
Fig Shoot apical meristem Leaf primordia Young leaf Developing vascular strand Figure The shoot tip Axillary bud meristems 0.25 mm
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Figure 35.17 Organization of primary tissues in young stems
Phloem Xylem Sclerenchyma (fiber cells) Ground tissue Ground tissue connecting pith to cortex Pith Epidermis Key to labels Figure Organization of primary tissues in young stems Epidermis Cortex Vascular bundles Dermal Vascular bundle Ground 1 mm Vascular 1 mm (a) Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots) (b) Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles (typical of monocots)
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Fig. 35-18 Figure 35.18 Leaf anatomy Guard cells Key to labels
Stomatal pore 50 µm Dermal Epidermal cell Ground Cuticle Sclerenchyma fibers Vascular Stoma (b) Surface view of a spiderwort (Tradescantia) leaf (LM) Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Bundle- sheath cell Spongy mesophyll Figure Leaf anatomy Lower epidermis 100 µm Cuticle Xylem Phloem Vein Guard cells Vein Air spaces Guard cells (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues (c) Cross section of a lilac (Syringa)) leaf (LM)
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Figure 35.19 Primary and secondary growth of a stem
in a two-year-old stem Epidermis Pith Cortex Primary xylem Primary phloem Vascular cambium Epidermis Primary phloem Cortex Vascular cambium Primary xylem Growth Vascular ray Pith Primary xylem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Primary phloem First cork cambium Cork Periderm (mainly cork cambia and cork) Growth Figure Primary and secondary growth of a stem Secondary phloem Bark Vascular cambium Primary phloem Secondary xylem Late wood Cork cambium Early wood Periderm Secondary phloem Cork Secondary Xylem (two years of production) Vascular cambium 0.5 mm Secondary xylem Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Bark Primary xylem Most recent cork cambium Layers of periderm Vascular ray Growth ring Cork (b) Cross section of a three-year- old Tilia (linden) stem (LM) Pith 0.5 mm
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Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood
Fig Growth ring Vascular ray Heartwood Secondary xylem Sapwood Fig Anatomy of a tree trunk Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Bark Layers of periderm
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Fig Figure Is this tree living or dead?
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