1. Chapter 11-Water
Water Resources

2. Water
“Water Planet”- Earth has an abundance of water in all forms: solid, liquid, and gas.
Renewable resource because it is circulated in the water cycle.
Humans can only survive a few days without water.
Two kinds of water on Earth:
Fresh water- Can drink because it contains little salt.
Salt water- Ocean water with a high concentration of salt.

3. The Water Cycle

4. Global Water Distribution
97% salt water
3% fresh water
77% of fresh water frozen in icecaps and glaciers
22% ground water
1 % other

5. Global Water Distribution
Surface water- Fresh water on Earth’s land surface.
Lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands
River systems- Flowing network of water comprised of streams and rivers.
Amazon river system- largest in the world
Watershed- Area of land that is drained by a river.

6. Watersheds of the World

7. Global water Distribution
Ground Water- Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations.
Water table- Level where the rocks and soil are saturated with water
Aquifer- Underground formation that contains water
Porosity- Amount of space between the particles that make up a rock.
Permeability- The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it.
Permeable- Allows the flow of water.
Impermeable- Does not allow the flow of water.

8. Ground Water- Cont’d.
The Recharge Zone- The area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into an aquifer.
Wells- A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater

9. Water Use and Management
Chapter 11-Water
Water Use and Management

10. Global Water Use Most freshwater used globally to water crops.
19% of global water use for industry
Only 8% of global water used for washing and drinking.

11. Residential Water Use
Striking differences among countries around the world
U.S. residents use on average 300 L of water per day
Indian residents use on average 41 L of water per day

12. Water Treatment Potable- Safe to drink.
Treatment must remove elements: mercury, arsenic, and lead
Found in polluted and ground water
Pathogens- Organisms that cause illness or disease
See Figure 6, Pages

13. Water Treatment

14. Water Use Industrial- 19% of water use in world
Manufacture goods
Dispose of waste
Generate power
Most used to cool power plants
Agricultural- 67% of water use in world
80% of water used in agriculture evaporates
Irrigation- Method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation.

15. Water Use

16. Water Management Projects
Aqueducts- Huge canals that brought water from the mountains to dry areas.
Dams and water diversion canals used today.
Water management projects today:
Bring in water to make a dry area habitable
Create a reservoir for recreation or drinking water
Generate electric power

17. Water Management Projects
Water Diversion Projects- To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a river can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances.

18. Water Management Projects
Dam- Structure built across a river to control the river’s flow.
Can be used to generate electricity.
Problems: flooding, ecosystem destruction, and dam failure
Fertile sediment builds up behind dams
Reservoir- Artificial lake formed behind a dam.

19. Water Conservation Water becomes more expensive as it depletes.
Agriculture: Most water loss from evaporation, seepage, and runoff
Drip Irrigation System- Small amounts of water delivered directly to roots using perforated tubing.

20. Water Conservation Home: Industry:
Water-saving technology such as low-flow toilets and shower heads
Water lawns at night
Xeriscaping- Designing landscapes that require minimal water use.
Industry:
Recycling of cooling water and wastewater
City wide/company wide water saving plans

21. Solutions for the Future
Desalination- Process of removing salt from salt water
Heats water and collects evaporation
Middle East/Kuwait has desalination plants
Transporting Water
Transporting in bags and/or large plastic containers from abundant supplies to low supplied regions
Towing icebergs??

22. Chapter 11-Water
Water Pollution

23. Water Pollution
The introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.

24. Types of Water Pollution
Nonpoint-source Pollution
Pollution that comes from many different sourecs
Difficult to identify and trace/regulate and control
96% of polluted water in U.S
Point-source Pollution
Pollution discharged from a single source
Can be identified and traced .

25. Pollutant Types and Sources

26. Wastewater Water that contains waste from homes or industry. Treating
Most contaminates are biodegradable
Some toxic substances cannot be removed by standard treatment

27. Wastewater Sewage sludge Solid material that remains after treatment
Sometimes hazardous waste
Often incinerated and ash buried
Can be used as fertilizer or bricks

28. Water Pollution Eutrophication
Containing an abundance of nutrients
Leads to swamp or marsh
Artificial Eutrophication- Sewage and fertilizer runoff enhances
Ex: Algal blooms
Thermal Pollution- Increased temperature of water sources caused by factories and industries cooling systems
Decreases oxygen levels
Kills organisms

29. Water Pollution
Groundwater pollution- Polluted surface water percolates down to groundwater
Leaking underground storage tanks are large problem
Remains for 100s to 1000s of years
Ocean pollution
Coastal ecosystems most affected
Legal to dump in some parts of ocean
Oil spills
5% of ocean pollution
Nonpoint-source pollution from land 10 times more than tanker spills

30. Oil Spills

31. Water Pollution
Biomagnification- Accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain.
Many pesticides
Example: DDT and the Bald Eagle
Clean Water Act of To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.
Goal to make fishing and swimming safe by 1983.
Not achieved
30% increase
Opened door for more legislation

32. Biomagnification

33. Water Quality Federal Laws