2. Citizenship

3. Introduction Citizenship is the legal relationship between an individual and a State. It is a relationship that includes both rights and obligations. The balance of these varies from State to State and over time.

4. Rights and Obligations Rights might include: –The right to vote –The right to freedom of speech –The right to a free education Obligations might include: –The obligation to obey laws –The obligation to pay taxes –The obligation to fight for the State

5. Where do rights come from? Natural Rights? Problems? –What is meant by ‘the State of Nature’? –What is a ‘natural right’? Positive Rights? –Why give rights? –Which rights should be given? –Can these rights be taken away?

6. Development of Rights in the UK Sources? (Problem of an uncodified constitution?) –Convention –Acts of Parliament Habeas Corpus Act Human Rights Act –International agreements UN Declaration on Human Rights –Membership of the European Union European Convention on Human Rights European Court of Justice Maastricht Extract from the US Constitution

7. Active Citizenship What is meant by ‘Active Citizenship’? Why was active citizenship introduced? What does active citizenship mean in practice? Citizens Charter?

8. Liberties under Attack Problems posed by an unwritten/ uncodified constitution? (UK vs. USA?) 1994 Criminal Justice Act –Motives? –Provisions? –Right of people to practise ‘unpopular’ rights? Police controlling a crowd

9. Labour and Citizenship Labour reforms to citizenship –Bill of Rights –Social Chapter –Trade Unions –Devolution –Freedom of Information Obligations under Labour –Welfare to Work Citizenship education